山西天镇辛窑子早更新世鹿科化石新材料

doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.200320

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

20世纪80年代在桑干河盆地一带考察泥河湾层时,在山西省天镇县南高崖乡的台家坪、水冲口和大庄科的辛窑子沟一带发现了很多哺乳动物化石地点并出土了很多哺乳动物化石。最近对其中鹿科化石的研究鉴定出7个种：步氏麂(Muntiacus bohlini)、化德祖鹿相似种(Cervavitus cf. C. huadeensis)、山西轴鹿(Axis shansius)、华丽日本鹿(Nipponicervus elegans)、始麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus predavidianus)、双叉麋鹿(E. bifurcatus )及赤鹿(Cervus (Elaphus) elaphus)。其中前6个种产自台家坪和水冲口化石地点的泥河湾组中,层位相当于欧洲的中、晚维拉方期,即早更新世,而赤鹿产自大庄科化石地点,层位目前还不确定,但可能也是泥河湾组。因此在辛窑子沟一带的早更新世目前发现的鹿科化石至少有6个种。其中的化德祖鹿相似种和山西轴鹿是从晚新近纪残留下来的种类,而步氏麂、华丽日本鹿、始麋鹿和双叉麋鹿是早更新世出现的新种类。如果大庄科地点的层位可以确定为早更新世的话,赤鹿的最早记录则可以回溯到早更新世,其鹿角的演化是始于无冰枝,然后出现冰枝。另外,在中国大陆和日本列岛都发现过麋鹿和日本鹿化石,进一步说明在早更新世期间海平面曾经下降很多,使得大陆的一些鹿类得以迁徙到列岛上。最后,数量较多的低冠鹿科化石标本指示桑干河盆地一带在早更新世存在一定范围的森林环境。

关键词: 山西天镇, 辛窑子, 桑干河盆地, 泥河湾组, 早更新世, 中、晚维拉方期, 鹿科

Abstract:

Many cervid specimens were uncovered during the field exploration for Nihewan beds at the beginning of the 1980s from Taijiaping, Shuichongkou and Dazhuangke localities along Xinyaozi Ravine at Nangaoya Township of Tianzhen County, Shanxi Province in North China. Recent studies on the cervid material identified seven species of Cervidae in total: Muntiacus bohlini, Cervavitus cf. C. huadeensis, Axis shansius, Nipponicervus elegans, Elaphurus davidianus predavidianus, E. bifurcatus from the Early Pleistocene deposits at Taijiaping and Shuichongkou localities, and Cervus (Elaphus) elaphus from uncertain horizon at Dazhuangke. At least the previous six species of cervids were from Nihewan Formation (Nihewanian or equivalent to European middle and late Villafranchian), i.e. the Early Pleistocene, in Sangganhe Basin area. Cervavitus cf. C. huadeensis and A. shansius were survivors from the Late Neogene; M. bohlini, N. elegans, E. davidianus predavidianus and E. bifurcatus are new forms of the Early Pleistocene. If Dazhuangke horizon can be dated as those of Shuichongkou and Taijiaping localities, the appearance of elaphoid cervids could be traced back to the Early Pleistocene, and the evolution of elaphoid antler would start from absence to presence of bez tine. The presence of Elaphurus and Nipponicervus in mainland China and Japanese archipelago implies further that the sea level was dropped down that these cervids could migrate from the mainland to the islands. The abundance of folivorous cervid specimens in the Xinyaozi Ravine area indicates the existence of a certain scale of forested environment in Sangganhe Basin area during the Early Pleistocene.

Key words: Xinyaozi, Tianzhen, Shanxi, Sangganhe Basin, Nihewan Formation, middle and late Villafranchian, Early Pleistocene, Cervidae

中图分类号:

Q915.876

董为, 白炜鹏, 潘越, 刘文晖. 山西天镇辛窑子早更新世鹿科化石新材料. 古脊椎动物学报, 2020, 58(3): 221-248.

DONG Wei, BAI Wei-Peng, PAN Yue, LIU Wen-Hui. New material of Cervidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from Xinyaozi Ravine in Shanxi, North China. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2020, 58(3): 221-248.

图/表 22

参考文献 74

[1]	Abbazzi L, 1995. Occurrence of palmated Cervus elaphus from Italian Late Pleistocene localities. Rend Fis Acc Lincei, 6:189-206 DOI URL
[2]	Azanza B, Rössner G E, Ortiz-Jaureguizar E, 2013. The early Turolian (Late Miocene) Cervidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the fossil site of Dorn-Dürkheim 1 (Germany) and implications on the origin of crown cervids. Palaeobio Palaeoenv, 93:217-258 DOI URL
[3]	Bai W P, Dong W, Liu J Y et al., 2017. New material of Axis shansius (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) and phylogenetic consideration of Axis. Quat Sci, 37(4):821-827
[4]	Bai W P, Dong W, Zhang L M et al., 2019. New material of the Early Pleistocene spiral horned antelope Spirocerus (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from North China and discussion on its evolution. Quat Int, 522:94-102 DOI URL
[5]	Baker K, Carden R, Madgwick R, 2014. Deer and People. Oxford: Windgather Press. 1-248
[6]	Chen G F, 2004. Artiodactyla. In: Zheng S H ed. Jianshi Hominid Site. Beijing: Science Press. 254-308
[7]	Chi H X, 1975. The Lower Pleistocene mammalian fossils of Lantian District, Shensi. Vert PalAsiat, 13(3):169-177
[8]	Chia L P, Wang J, 1978. Hsihoutu-a Culture Site of Early Pleistocene in Shansi Province. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House. 1-85
[9]	Chow M C, 1954. Villafranchian mammals from Tongshanzhen Basin, southern Shansi. Acta Palaeontol Sin, 2(3):333-342
[10]	Chow M C, 1956. A new fossil muntjac from central Shansi. Acta Palaeontol Sin, 4(2):229-232
[11]	Croitor R, 2019. A new form of wapiti Cervus canadensis Erxleben, 1777 (Cervidae, Mammalia) from the Late Pleistocene of France. Palaeoworld, doi: 10.1016/j.palwor.2019.12.001
[12]	Croitor R, Obada T, 2018. On the presence of Late Pleistocene wapiti, Cervus canadensis Erxleben, 1777 (Cervidae, Mammalia) in the Palaeolithic site Climăuți II (Moldova). Contrib Zool, 87(1):1-10 DOI URL
[13]	Cronin T M, Kitamura A, Ikeya N et al., 1994. Late Pliocene climate change 3.4-2.3 Ma: paleoceanographic record from the Yabuta Formation, Sea of Japan. Palaeogeogr, Palaeoclimatol, Palaeoecol, 108:437-455
[14]	De Vos J, Mol D, Reumer J W, 1995. Early Pleistocene Cervidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Oosterschelde (the Netherlands), with a revision of the cervid genus Eucladoceros Falconer, 1868. Deinsea, 2:95-121
[15]	Dong W, 2004. The dental morphological characters and evolution of Cervidae. Acta Anthrop Sin, 23(Supp):286-295
[16]	Dong W, 2006. Early Pleistocene ruminants (Mammals) from the Dajushan, Huainan, Anhui Province (China). Vert PalAsiat, 44(4):332-346
[17]	Dong W, 2007. New material of Muntiacinae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. C R Palevol, 6(5):335-343
[18]	Dong W, Chen S K, 2015. An extraordinary pattern of ruminant molars and associated cervids from the Pleistocene of Wushan, Central China. Vert PalAsiat, 51(3):207-218
[19]	Dong W, Fang Y S, 2004. The Cervidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Tuozidong at Tangshan, Jiangsu Province, China. Acta Anthrop Sin, 23(Supp):296-305
[20]	Dong W, Hu C K, 1994. The Late Miocene Cervidae from Hounao, Yushe Basin, Shanxi. Vert PalAsiat, 32(3):209-227
[21]	Dong W, Li Z Y, 2008. Late Pleistocene Artiodactyla (Mammalia) from the Lingjing Site, Xuchang, Henan Province (China). Vert PalAsiat, 46(1):31-50
[22]	Dong W, Pan Y R, Liu J H, 2004. The earliest Muntiacus (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Yuanmou, southwestern China. C R Palevol, 3(5):379-386 DOI URL
[23]	Dong W, Qiu Z X, Wang F Z, 2009. Artiodactyla. In: Jin C Z, Liu J Y eds. Paleolithic Site-The Renzidong Cave, Fanchang, Anhui Province. Beijing: Science Press. 321-335
[24]	Dong W, Fu R Y, Huang W W, 2010. Age and paleoenvironment of Xiaogushan fauna at Haicheng, Liaoning Province. Chinese Sci Bull, 55(24):2704-2708 DOI URL
[25]	Dong W, Pan W S, Sun C K et al., 2011. Early Pleistocene ruminants from Sanhe Cave, Chongzuo, Guangxi, South China. Acta Anthrop Sin, 30(2):192-205
[26]	Dong W, Ji X P, Nina G et al., 2014. New materials of the Late Miocene Muntiacus from Zhaotong hominoid site in southern China. Vert PalAsiat, 50(3):316-327
[27]	Dong W, Liu W H, Zhang L M et al., 2018. New materials of Cervidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from Tuchengzi of Huade, Nei Mongol, North China. Vert PalAsiat, 56(2):157-175
[28]	Dong W, Wei Q, Bai W P et al., 2019. New material of the Early Pleistocene Elaphurus (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from North China and discussion on taxonomy of Elaphurus. Quat Int, 519:113-121 DOI URL
[29]	Gilbert C, Ropiquet A, Hassanin A, 2006. Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): systematics, morphology, and biogeography. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 40:101-117 DOI URL PMID
[30]	Groves C, Grubb P, 2011. Ungulate Taxonomy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1-310
[31]	Han D F, 1987. Artiodactyla fossils from Liucheng Gigantopithecus Cave in Guangxi. Mem Inst Vert Paleont Paleoanthrop, Acad Sin, 18:135-208
[32]	Heintz E, 1970. Les Cervidés villafranchiens de France et d’Espagne. Mém Mus Natl Hist Nat, 22(1):1-303
[33]	Hooijer, 1951. Two new deer from the Pleistocene of Wanhsien, Szechwan, China. Am Mus Novit, 1495:1-18
[34]	Hou Y M, Yang S X, Dong W et al, 2013. Late Pleistocene representative sites in North China and their indication of evolutionary human behavior. Quat Int, 295:183-190 DOI URL
[35]	Huang W B, 1991. The Late Pleistocene mammalian faunas of China. In: IVPP ed. Proceedings of the XIII International Quaternary Conference. Beijing: Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House. 44-54
[36]	Ji X P, Jablonski N G, Su D F et al., 2013. Juvenile hominoid cranium from the terminal Miocene of Yunnan, China. Chinese Sci Bull, 58(31):3771-3779 DOI URL
[37]	Jia L P, Gai P, You Y Z, 1972. Reports on excavations at Shiyu Paleolithic site in Shanxi Province. Acta Archaeol Sin, 1:39-58
[38]	Kuwayama R, Ozawa T, 2000. Phylogenetic relationships among european red deer, wapiti, and sika deer inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 15(1):115-123 DOI URL PMID
[39]	Li C K, Wu W Y, Qiu Z D, 1984. Chinese Neogene: subdivision and correlation. Vert PalAsiat, 22(3):163-178
[40]	Lin Y P, Pan Y R, Lu Q W, 1978. The mammalian fauna of Early Pleistocene from Yuanmou, Yunnan. In: IVPP ed. Proceedings of Paleoanthropology of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing: Science Press. 101-125
[41]	Liu P, Deng C L, Li S H et al., 2012. Magnetostratigraphic dating of the Xiashagou Fauna and implication for sequencing the mammalian faunas in the Nihewan Basin, North China. Palaeogeogr, Palaeoclimatol, Palaeocol, 315(5):75-85
[42]	Moore G H, Littlejohn R P, 1989. Hybridisation of farmed wapiti (Cervus elaphus manitobensis) and red deer (Cervus elaphus). New Zeal J Zool, 16(2):191-198 DOI URL
[43]	Nowak R M, Paradiso J L, 1983. Walker’s Mammals of the World. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1-1362
[44]	Otsuka H, 1968. A new species of Elaphurus from the Akaski Formation in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. Rep Fac Sci, Kogoshima Univ, 1:121-127
[45]	Otsuka H, 1972. Elaphurus shikamai Otsuka (Pleistocene cervid) from the Akaski Formation of the Osaka Group, Japan, with special reference to the genus Elaphurus. Bull Natl Sci Mus, 151:197-210
[46]	Otsuka H, Hasegawa Y, 1976. On a new species of Elaphurus (Cervid, Mammal) from Akishima City, Tokyo. Bull Natl Sci Mus, Ser C (Geogl), 2:139-143
[47]	Otsuka H, Shikama T, 1978. Fossil Cervidae from the Toú-kóu-shan Group in Taiwan. Rep Fac Sci, Kogoshima Univ, 11:27-59
[48]	Pei W C, 1940. The Upper Cave Fauna of Choukoutien. Palaeont Sin, New Ser C, 10:1-86
[49]	Perez-Espona S, Hall R J, Perez-Barberia F J et al., 2013. The impact of past introductions on an iconic and economically important species, the red deer of Scotland. J Hered, 104(1):14-22 DOI URL PMID
[50]	Pitra C, Fickel J, Meijaard E et al., 2004. Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 33(3):880-895 DOI URL
[51]	Qi G Q, 1975. Quaternary mammalian fossils from Salawusu River District, Nei Mongol. Vert PalAsiat, 13(4):239-249
[52]	Qi G Q, Dong W, Zheng L et al., 2006. Taxonomy, age and environment status of the Yuanmou hominoids. Chinese Sci Bull, 51(6):704-712 DOI URL
[53]	Qiu Z D, 1979. Some mammalian fossils from the Pliocene of Inner Mongolia and Gansu (Kansu). Vert PalAsiat, 17(3):222-235
[54]	Qiu Z X, 2002. Hesperotherium-a new genus of the last Chalicotheres. Vert PalAsiat, 40(4):317-325
[55]	Qiu Z X, Wei Q, Pei S W et al., 2002. Preliminary report on Postschizotherium (Mammalia: Hyarcoidea) material from Tianzhen, Shanxi, China. Vert PalAsiat, 40(2):146-160
[56]	Qiu Z X, Deng T, Wang B Y, 2004. Early Pleistocene mammalian fauna from Longdan, Dongxiang, Gansu, China. Palaeont Sin, New Ser C, 27:1-198
[57]	Schlosser M, 1924. Tertiary vertebrates from Mongolia. Palaeont Sin, Ser C, 1:1-132
[58]	Sheng H L et al., 1992. The Deer in China. Shanghai: East China Normal University Press. 1-305
[59]	Tedford R H, Qiu Z X, Flynn L J, 2013. Late Cenozoic Yushe Basin, Shanxi Province, China: Geology and Fossil Mammals. New York: Springer. 1-109
[60]	Teilhard de Chardin P, 1940. The fossils from locality 18 near Peking. Palaeont Sin, New Ser C, 9:1-100
[61]	Teilhard de Chardin P, Piveteau J, 1930. Les mammifères fossils de Nihowan (Chine). Ann Paléont, 19:1-134
[62]	Teilhard de Chardin P, Trassaert M, 1937. Pliocene Camelidae, Giraffidae and Cervidae of S. E. Shansi. Palaeont Sin, New Ser C, 1:1-56
[63]	Tong H W, Tang Y J, Yuan B Y, 2011. Biostratigraphy division of vertebrate fossils. In: Yuan B Y, Xia Z K, Niu P S eds. Nihewan Rift and Ancient Human. Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 47-60
[64]	Vislobokova I A, 1990. The Fossil Deer of Eurasia. Moscow: Sciences Press. 1-208
[65]	Wang B Y, Wu W Y, 1979. The artiodactyla. In: IVPP ed. Vertebrate Fossils of China. Beijing: Science Press. 501-620
[66]	Wang S Q, 2014. New findings of ungulate teeth from the Early Pleitocene Longdan Fauna, China. In: Dong W ed. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Meeting of the Chinese Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Beijing: China Ocean Press. 37-46
[67]	Wang Y X, 2003. A Complete Checklist of Mammal Species and Subspecies in China-A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House. 1-394
[68]	Wei Q, 1997. The framework of archaeological geology of the Nihewan Basin. In: Tong Y S, Zhang Y Y, Wu W Y et al. eds. Evidence for Evolution-Essays in Honor of Prof. Chungchien Young on the Hundredth Anniversary of His Birth. Beijing: China Ocean Press. 193-207
[69]	Wei Z Y, Yang D S, Yin K P et al., 1986. Excavation report (1982-1983) of the Paleolithic site of Yanjiagang, Haerbin, China. North Cult Relics, 4:7-15
[70]	Woodburne M O, Tedford R H, Lindsay E H, 2013. North China Neogene biochronology-A Chinese standard. In: Wang X M, Flynn L J, Fortelius M eds. Fossil Mammals of Asia-Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. New York: Colombia University Press. 91-118
[71]	Xue X X, 1959. Cervidae. In: IVPP ed. Pleistocene Mammalian Fossils from the Northeastern Provinces. Beijing: Sciences Press. 52-60
[72]	Zdansky O, 1925. Fossile Hirsche Chinas. Palaeont Sin, Ser C, 2:1-94
[73]	Zhang Z H, Zou B K, Zhang L K, 1980. The discovery of fossil mammals at Anping, Liaoyang. Vert PalAsiat, 18(2):154-162
[74]	Zong G F, Chen W Y, Huang X S, et al., 1996. Cenozoic Mammals and Environment of Hengduan Mountains Region. Beijing: China Ocean Press. 1-279

Taxon	M. bohlini			M. lacustris		M. zhaotongensis	M. leilaoensis
Locality	Shuichongkou	Xiashagou¹⁾	Loc. 18²⁾	Yushe³⁾	Juyuandong⁴⁾	Zhaotong⁵⁾	Leilao⁶⁾
Max diameter of distal pedicle	18.9	18.5	12-17.1	16-17	15	16.44-20.10	18.56-18.82
Min diameter of distal pedicle	13.7	13	10-14.5		13.5	14.02-16.94	16.40-15.68
Thickness of burr	4.4	4.9*	4.3			4.56-6.32	5.96-7.22
Max diameter of burr	27.1		21.4	22-32	25?	25.52-33.03	38.78-39.46
Min diameter of burr	21.9		18.7			23.23-29.62	33.12-37.24
Length of antler base	17.5	14.7*	16	16-31		7.38-18.48	12.24-22.32
Angle of bifurcation (°)	50	40	40	50-65		35-40	40
Max diameter of proximal antler base	21.2	24	20-26	17-24	19	16.54-24.36	23.38-30.12
Min diameter of proximal antler base	18.3	23	16-23	14-23	15.6	11.79-16.53	21.22-22.16
Length of the main beam	>76.1	108	72-80	75-92	80	73.23-90.05	125.10
Max diameter of proximal main beam	21.4	22	15-20			16.04-24.42	21.86-23.82
Min diameter of proximal main beam	12.4	14	10.5-14			11.68-16.72	14.58-14.92
Max diameter of proximal brow tine	17.2		9.6	14-26		7.26-9.47	9.74
Min diameter of proximal brow tine	11.3	9.5*	8.4	12-18		4.59-5.89	8.68

Taxon	M. bohlini			M. lacustris		M. zhaotongensis	M. leilaoensis
Locality	Shuichongkou	Xiashagou¹⁾	Loc. 18²⁾	Yushe³⁾	Juyuandong⁴⁾	Zhaotong⁵⁾	Leilao⁶⁾
Max diameter of distal pedicle	18.9	18.5	12-17.1	16-17	15	16.44-20.10	18.56-18.82
Min diameter of distal pedicle	13.7	13	10-14.5		13.5	14.02-16.94	16.40-15.68
Thickness of burr	4.4	4.9*	4.3			4.56-6.32	5.96-7.22
Max diameter of burr	27.1		21.4	22-32	25?	25.52-33.03	38.78-39.46
Min diameter of burr	21.9		18.7			23.23-29.62	33.12-37.24
Length of antler base	17.5	14.7*	16	16-31		7.38-18.48	12.24-22.32
Angle of bifurcation (°)	50	40	40	50-65		35-40	40
Max diameter of proximal antler base	21.2	24	20-26	17-24	19	16.54-24.36	23.38-30.12
Min diameter of proximal antler base	18.3	23	16-23	14-23	15.6	11.79-16.53	21.22-22.16
Length of the main beam	>76.1	108	72-80	75-92	80	73.23-90.05	125.10
Max diameter of proximal main beam	21.4	22	15-20			16.04-24.42	21.86-23.82
Min diameter of proximal main beam	12.4	14	10.5-14			11.68-16.72	14.58-14.92
Max diameter of proximal brow tine	17.2		9.6	14-26		7.26-9.47	9.74
Min diameter of proximal brow tine	11.3	9.5*	8.4	12-18		4.59-5.89	8.68

	M. bohlini		M. lacustris	Muntiacus sp.	M. zhaotongensis
	V 26267.2	RV 4002	Sanhe¹⁾	OV 949	Zhaotong²⁾
M1 L	14.18	11.22-12.16	10.5-10.7	10.26-10.86	9.88-10.61
M1 W	13.54	11.02-11.28	13.8-14.1	11.94-11.96	11.35-12.19
M1 H	11.09	5.96-8	4.1-4.2	3.58-3.68	7.81-8.22
M2 L	14.89	11.98-12.44	12.9-13.4	11.96-12.02	10.33-11.13
M2 W	14.88	12.38-13.18	14.6-15.3	13.08-13.18	12.19-13.62
M2 H	13.15	10.36-10.42	8.2-9.2	3.72-4.84	8.75-9.91
M3 L	14.91	12.64-12.76	11.9-13.9	12.54-12.64	9.9-10.51
M3 W	12.81	11.82-12	12.8-13.9	13.06-13.5	11.67-12.88
M3 H	13.01	9.32-11.64	7.7-10.3	4.34-4.88	8.6-8.99
M1-3 L	41.47	36.18-36.2		33.82-34.28	29.88

	M. bohlini		M. lacustris	Muntiacus sp.	M. zhaotongensis
	V 26267.2	RV 4002	Sanhe¹⁾	OV 949	Zhaotong²⁾
M1 L	14.18	11.22-12.16	10.5-10.7	10.26-10.86	9.88-10.61
M1 W	13.54	11.02-11.28	13.8-14.1	11.94-11.96	11.35-12.19
M1 H	11.09	5.96-8	4.1-4.2	3.58-3.68	7.81-8.22
M2 L	14.89	11.98-12.44	12.9-13.4	11.96-12.02	10.33-11.13
M2 W	14.88	12.38-13.18	14.6-15.3	13.08-13.18	12.19-13.62
M2 H	13.15	10.36-10.42	8.2-9.2	3.72-4.84	8.75-9.91
M3 L	14.91	12.64-12.76	11.9-13.9	12.54-12.64	9.9-10.51
M3 W	12.81	11.82-12	12.8-13.9	13.06-13.5	11.67-12.88
M3 H	13.01	9.32-11.64	7.7-10.3	4.34-4.88	8.6-8.99
M1-3 L	41.47	36.18-36.2		33.82-34.28	29.88

	M. bohlini					M. lacustris		Muntiacus sp.
	V 26267.3	V 26267.4	V 26267.5	Xiashagou¹⁾	Loc. 18²⁾	Sanhe³⁾	Juyuandong⁴⁾	Longgudong⁵⁾
p2 L	8.31			8.5*	7*	8.7		7.7
p2 W	4.91					4.6		4.0
p2 H	6.08					8.2
p3 L	9.07	10.09		9.7*	8.5*			9.2-9.8
p3 W	6.21	6.44						5.2-5.7
p3 H	8.37	8.44
p4 L	9.68	10.43		9.7*	9.9*	9.5	9.7	10.4
p4 W	7.21	7.32		5.8*		6.9	6.8	6.0
p4 H	9.68	9.75				4.3
m1 L	13.82	13.84	13.14	13*	12.7*	12.4	11.0	10.1-11.5
m1 W	9.02	9.09	8.05			8.0	7.1	6.9-7.9
m1 H	8.04	7.98	10.2			7.1
m2 L	14.00	14.30	14.48	15.4*	14.2*	13.0-13.2	11.5	11.0-13.2
m2 W	9.69	9.61	9.49			7.9-8.7	7.6	7.7-8.2
m2 H	10.01	10.34	10.77			9.8-11.8
m3 L		19.97		19.5*	18.3*	17.3	13.6-17.2	14.2-17.5
m3 W		9.73				9.1	6.8-8.6	7.2-8.5
m3 H		9.23				9.7
p2-4 L	27.9			27	24-26
m1-3 L		47.72		46*	38-40