亚洲最古老鸽子(Columbidae)物种有效性再检验：北京周口店早更新世丛氏原鸽(Columba congi)

doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.210304

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

丛氏原鸽(Columba congi)出土于周口店北京猿人遗址早更新世第12地点(~1.7 Ma)。丛氏原鸽共出土11件骨骼碎片,但是由于年代久远,仅遗存4件肱骨标本,且遗存标本的形态学特征并不支持最初的物种鉴定特征。对遗存的4件肱骨标本进行了重新描述和对比,其肱骨气窝腹侧外缘平直和背髁上突位于肱骨更远端的位置这两个特征或为作为灭绝鸽类物种的丛氏原鸽提供稳定的识别特征。丛氏原鸽是亚洲地区已知最古老的鸽属化石,推测其生存于温暖且潮湿的森林环境。对丛氏原鸽的研究或能为解决鸽属物种的古生物地理分布以及目前广泛分布的原鸽的起源等问题提供帮助。

关键词: 周口店, 早更新世, 鸽属, 丛氏原鸽, 肱骨

Abstract:

Columba congi is an extinct species that was described as part of the Early Pleistocene (~1.7 Ma) fauna from locality 12 of the UNESCO Zhoukoudian or “Peking Man” site in Beijing, China. Only four partial humeri of the original type series of 11 bones can be located, and the features present in those specimens do not support the original diagnosis. However, our study and redescription shows that the straight and flat margin of the pneumotricipital fossa rim (in ventral view) and the relative distal position of the dorsal supracondylar tubercle may support the continued recognition of C. congi as a valid extinct species. Columba congi appears to be the oldest fossil of Columba in Asia, and it lived during a warmer and wetter period of time of the Pleistocene with a forested Zhoukoudian. Further study of pigeons from all localities at Zhoukoudian should help to resolve questions about pigeon biogeography and evolution, including possibly the time and center of origin of the globally distributedC. livia.

Key words: Zhoukoudian, Early Pleistocene, Columba, Columba congi, humerus

中图分类号:

Q915.865

沈韦, Thomas A. STIDHAM, 李志恒. 亚洲最古老鸽子(Columbidae)物种有效性再检验：北京周口店早更新世丛氏原鸽(Columba congi). 古脊椎动物学报, 2021, 59(3): 245-256.

SHEN Wei, Thomas A. STIDHAM, LI Zhi-Heng. Reexamination of the oldest pigeon (Aves: Columbidae) from Asia: Columba congi from the Early Pleistocene of Zhoukoudian, Beijing, China. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2021, 59(3): 245-256.

图/表 3

Fig. 1 Comparative images of the humerus of the extinct Columba congi (A-H) and Columba livia (I, J) A, B. proximal end of left humerus of IVPP V 6436.1 in cranial (A) and caudal (B) views; C-H. distal end of right humerus of C. congi in cranial (C, E, G) and caudal (D, F, H) views: C, D. IVPP V 6436.2; E, F. V 6436.3; G, H. V 6436.4; I, J. left humerus of IVPP OV 1363 in cranial (I) and caudal (J) views Abbreviations: bc. bicipital crest; ci. capital incisure; dc. dorsal condyle; dpc. deltopectoral crest; dst. dorsal supracondylar tubercle; dt. dorsal tubercle; fp. flexor process; h. humeral head; of. olecranon fossa; pf. pneumotricipital fossa; tg. transverse ligamental groove; vc. ventral condyle; vst. ventral supracondylar tubercle; vt. ventral tubercle. Scale bar = 10 mm

Table 1 Measurements of fossil and modern columbid humeri (mm)

	Specimen	Bp	Dtd	GBd	GL	SD	TW
Columba congi	IVPP V 6436.1 L	12.8				4.9	0.4
	IVPP V 6436.2 R		9.5	10.2		4.8	0.4
	IVPP V 6436.3 R			10.3		4.8	0.4
	IVPP V 6436.4 R		9.3	10.0		4.9	0.3
Columba livia	BMNHC 21449 L	14.5		10.5	46.7	5.4
	BMNHC 21449 R	14.6		10.5	46.9	5.6
	IVPP OV 1735 L	15.2	11.3	11.8	46.5	5.3
	IVPP OV 1735 R	15.2	11.0	12.0	46.5	5.3
	IVPP OV 1363 L	12.9	9.8	10.0	44.7	4.5
	IVPP OV 1363 R	13.0	9.6	10.0	44.6	4.5
Columba rupestris	IOZ S031 L	12.7	10.0	10.3	43.5	5.2	0.4
	IOZ S031 R	12.8	10.1	10.0	43.4	5.1	0.4
	IVPP OV 859 L	13.4	10.5	10.3	43.2	4.6
Streptopelia orientalis	BMNHC 108613 L	13.1	9.3	9.7	41.3	4.9
	BMNHC 108613 R	12.9	9.2	9.7	41.5	5.0
	IVPP OV 1883 L	13.1	9.2	10.5	44.0	5.0
	IVPP OV 1883 R	13.0	9.3	9.9	43.5	4.9
	IVPP OV 1882 L	12.6	9.2	9.9	40.6	4.6
	IVPP OV 1882 R	12.6	9.1	9.7	41.0	4.5
Streptopelia chinensis	IVPP OV 1846 L	10.9	7.9	8.9	34.4	3.8
	IVPP OV 1846 R	11.1	7.6	8.9	34.3	3.9
	IVPP OV 1908 L	12.4	8.3	9.2	39.1	4.3
	IVPP OV 1908 R	12.7	8.1	9.3	39.2	4.3

Fig. 2 Comparison of proximal pigeon humeri in ventral view illustrating a potential diagnostic feature A. Columba congi (IVPP V 6436.1); B. C. rupestris (IVPP OV 869) Arrow indicates the convex margin of the rim of the pneumotricipital fossa Abbreviations: bc. bicipital crest; h. humeral head; tg. transverse ligamental groove. Scale bar=5 mm

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