Abstract:  In 1985, Hou Lianhai published a short paper on some of the bird specimens from the Miocene hominoid fossil locality of Lufeng in Yunnan, and in that paper, he named one species of duck (Aythya shihuibas) and described a second specimen as a member of Anas. Assessment of the phylogenetic characters preserved in those two anatid specimens, in combination with their currently known distribution, confirms that two different species (from different phylogenetic lineages) are present in the Lufeng avifauna, as originally published. The presence of the primitive state of a highly pneumatic cavity with bony struts in the ventral pneumotricipital fossa in A. shihuibas differs from nearly all living species in Aythya and helps to establish that it is a distinct extinct species likely outside the crown group ofAythya. The more fragmentary Lufeng anatid specimen, originally called Anassp., cannot be as accurately constrained phylogenetically. It is likely a member of Anatinae and perhaps could be called Anas, although the species of that genus are not monophyletic. The Lufeng Anas specimen may be closely related to one of the unnamed species placed in Anas from the Mio-Pliocene of Mongolia because they share an uncommon combination of characters.