古脊椎动物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 60 ›› Issue (4): 278-323.DOI: 10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.211209
刘金毅1,2, 张颖奇1,2,*(
), 迟振卿3, 王永3, 杨劲松4, 郑绍华1
收稿日期:2021-07-02
出版日期:2022-10-20
发布日期:2022-10-27
通讯作者:
* zhangyingqi@ivpp.ac.cn基金资助:
LIU Jin-Yi1,2, ZHANG Ying-Qi1,2,*(), CHI Zhen-Qing3, WANG Yong3, YANG Jin-Song4, ZHENG Shao-Hua1
Received:2021-07-02
Published:2022-10-20
Online:2022-10-27
摘要：
目前对于泥河湾盆地晚新生代地层的年代学认识还存在分歧,基于哺乳动物化石的生物地层学对比结果与基于磁性地层学的年代测定结果存在较大矛盾。生物地层学对比表明,泥河湾盆地桑干河峡谷地带与壶流河下游两岸出露的风成红粘土、含砂砾石河湖相红粘土与沼泽相砂质粘土属上上新统;而磁性地层学研究一般将其归为下更新统。记述了泥河湾盆地叶沟晚上新世贺风三趾马动物群,由丁氏貉Nyctereutes tingi, 中华貉N. sinensis, 比利牛斯硕鬣狗Pachycrocuta pyrenaica, 锯齿虎属(未定种) Homotherium sp., 贺风(近)三趾马Hipparion (Plesiohipparion) houfenense, 额鼻角犀属(未定种) Dicerorhinus sp., 麂属(未定种) Muntiacus sp., 山西轴鹿Axis shansius, 步氏羚羊Gazella blacki, 副驼属(未定种) Paracamelus sp.等9属10种构成。这个动物群的组成与经典的泥河湾早更新世动物群显著不同,是泥河湾盆地内上上新统存在的新证据。在系统记述的基础上,对叶沟贺风三趾马动物群的时代和组成进行了讨论,并对泥河湾盆地晚上新世与早更新世大型哺乳动物群的组合特征进行了归纳,以期对今后泥河湾盆地的地层学研究工作有所帮助。
中图分类号:
刘金毅, 张颖奇, 迟振卿, 王永, 杨劲松, 郑绍华. 泥河湾盆地叶沟晚上新世贺风三趾马动物群及其生物地层学意义. 古脊椎动物学报, 2022, 60(4): 278-323.
LIU Jin-Yi, ZHANG Ying-Qi, CHI Zhen-Qing, WANG Yong, YANG Jin-Song, ZHENG Shao-Hua. A Late Pliocene Hipparion houfenense fauna from Yegou, Nihewan Basin and its biostratigraphic significance. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2022, 60(4): 278-323.
Fig. 1 Selected specimens of Nyctereutes tingi from Yegou A. fragmentary right ramus with i1, i3, c and p1-m2 (IVPP V 18833.1, 2 cm scale bar); B. right m1 (V 18833.3, 1 cm scale bar); 1. occlusal view, 2. lingual view, 3. buccal view
| N. tingi | N. sinensis | N. procyonoides | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yegou | Yushe | ZKD Loc.1 | Ningyang | Yushe | Yangyuan | ||||||
| V 18833.1 | V 18833.2-4 | Tedford & Qiu, | Pei, | Zhang, V 12368.1-5, 8 | THP10080 THP25646 | V 2737 | |||||
| c | L | 8.1 | 7.7 | 8.0-9.6 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 4.0 | |||
| W | 5.1 | 5.4 | 5.3-6.0 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.4 | ||||
| p1 | L | 4.6 | 4.5 | 3.8-5.2 | 3.4-3.6 | 3.4-3.9 | 3.0-3.5 | 3.1 | |||
| W | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.8-3.8 | 2.1-2.7 | 2.2-2.3 | 2.1-2.3 | 1.3 | ||||
| p2 | L | 8.1 | 7.9 | 8.0-9.4 | 6.1-7.1 | 6.8-7.0 | 5.6-6.8 | 5.7 | |||
| W | 3.4 | 3.7 | 3.6-4.1 | 2.8-3.2 | 3.0-3.1 | 2.9-3.2 | 2.2 | ||||
| p3 | L | 9.9 | 9.0-10.6 | 7.1-8.0 | 7.7-8.2 | 6.7-7.6 | |||||
| W | 3.8 | 3.8-4.3 | 3.0-3.8 | 3.3-3.6 | 3.2-3.3 | ||||||
| p4 | L | 9.9 | 10.6 | 10.2-12.1 | 8.3-10.0 | 8.8-9.4 | 8.4-8.8 | 7.3 | |||
| W | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.9-5.9 | 4.0-5.0 | 4.3-4.4 | 3.4-4.2 | 3.3 | ||||
| m1 | L | 16.8 | 17.6 | 17.5-19.3 | 14.2-16.5 | 14.8-15.2 | 13.1-14.5 | 12.8 | |||
| W | 6.9 | 7.2 | 6.7-7.9 | 6.3-7.2 | 6.0-6.5 | 5.7-6.2 | 5.1 | ||||
| m2 | L | 9.7 | 8.8-10.0 | 7.4-8.3 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 6.2 | ||||
| W | 6.8 | 6.0-7.5 | 4.4-5.8 | 5.2 | 6.0 | 4.8 | |||||
Table 1 Measurements of lower teeth of selected species in Nyctereutes (mm)
| N. tingi | N. sinensis | N. procyonoides | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yegou | Yushe | ZKD Loc.1 | Ningyang | Yushe | Yangyuan | ||||||
| V 18833.1 | V 18833.2-4 | Tedford & Qiu, | Pei, | Zhang, V 12368.1-5, 8 | THP10080 THP25646 | V 2737 | |||||
| c | L | 8.1 | 7.7 | 8.0-9.6 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 4.0 | |||
| W | 5.1 | 5.4 | 5.3-6.0 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.4 | ||||
| p1 | L | 4.6 | 4.5 | 3.8-5.2 | 3.4-3.6 | 3.4-3.9 | 3.0-3.5 | 3.1 | |||
| W | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.8-3.8 | 2.1-2.7 | 2.2-2.3 | 2.1-2.3 | 1.3 | ||||
| p2 | L | 8.1 | 7.9 | 8.0-9.4 | 6.1-7.1 | 6.8-7.0 | 5.6-6.8 | 5.7 | |||
| W | 3.4 | 3.7 | 3.6-4.1 | 2.8-3.2 | 3.0-3.1 | 2.9-3.2 | 2.2 | ||||
| p3 | L | 9.9 | 9.0-10.6 | 7.1-8.0 | 7.7-8.2 | 6.7-7.6 | |||||
| W | 3.8 | 3.8-4.3 | 3.0-3.8 | 3.3-3.6 | 3.2-3.3 | ||||||
| p4 | L | 9.9 | 10.6 | 10.2-12.1 | 8.3-10.0 | 8.8-9.4 | 8.4-8.8 | 7.3 | |||
| W | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.9-5.9 | 4.0-5.0 | 4.3-4.4 | 3.4-4.2 | 3.3 | ||||
| m1 | L | 16.8 | 17.6 | 17.5-19.3 | 14.2-16.5 | 14.8-15.2 | 13.1-14.5 | 12.8 | |||
| W | 6.9 | 7.2 | 6.7-7.9 | 6.3-7.2 | 6.0-6.5 | 5.7-6.2 | 5.1 | ||||
| m2 | L | 9.7 | 8.8-10.0 | 7.4-8.3 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 6.2 | ||||
| W | 6.8 | 6.0-7.5 | 4.4-5.8 | 5.2 | 6.0 | 4.8 | |||||
Fig. 2 Fragmentary cranium of Nyctereutes sinensis (IVPP V 18834.1) from Yegou A. dorsal view, B. ventral view, C. occipital view, D. left lateral view, E. right lateral view
| N. sinensis | N. procyonoides2) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yegou | Yushe | ZKD Loc.131) | Min | Max | Mean | |||
| V 18834.1 | Skull A | Skull B | ||||||
| basioccipital length | 147.0 | 135.0 | ~120.0 | 104.0 | 117.0 | 110.0 | ||
| zygomatic width | 85.0 | ~84.0 | ~63.0 | 57.0 | 68.5 | 61.9 | ||
| width between mastoid processes | ~53.9 | 52.0 | 49.0 | ~44.0 | 38.0 | 43.0 | 40.4 | |
| postorbital constriction width | 37.1 | 36.0 | 23.0 | 21.0 | ||||
| distance between orbits | 33.2 | 32.0 | 30.0 | 25.0 | ||||
| greatest neurocranium width | ~50.1 | 53.0 | 51.0 | 45.0 | 32.0 | 43.0 | 39.6 | |
| maximal palatal width | 45.0 | 43.0 | 38.0 | 33.0 | 37.0 | 34.9 | ||
Table 2 Measurements of the crania of selected species in Nyctereutes (mm)
| N. sinensis | N. procyonoides2) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yegou | Yushe | ZKD Loc.131) | Min | Max | Mean | |||
| V 18834.1 | Skull A | Skull B | ||||||
| basioccipital length | 147.0 | 135.0 | ~120.0 | 104.0 | 117.0 | 110.0 | ||
| zygomatic width | 85.0 | ~84.0 | ~63.0 | 57.0 | 68.5 | 61.9 | ||
| width between mastoid processes | ~53.9 | 52.0 | 49.0 | ~44.0 | 38.0 | 43.0 | 40.4 | |
| postorbital constriction width | 37.1 | 36.0 | 23.0 | 21.0 | ||||
| distance between orbits | 33.2 | 32.0 | 30.0 | 25.0 | ||||
| greatest neurocranium width | ~50.1 | 53.0 | 51.0 | 45.0 | 32.0 | 43.0 | 39.6 | |
| maximal palatal width | 45.0 | 43.0 | 38.0 | 33.0 | 37.0 | 34.9 | ||
Fig. 3 Fragmentary right ramus of Pachycrocuta pyrenaica with p3-m1 (IVPP V 18835) from Yegou A. buccal view, B. occlusal view, C. lingual view
| P. pyrenaica | P. perrieri | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | Ukraine | France | Tunis | France | |||||
| Yegou | Yushe | Odess Catacomb | Serra d'en Vacquer | Ain Brimba | Etouaires1) | ||||
| V 18835 | Qiu, | Howell and Petter, | |||||||
| range,mean(number) | |||||||||
| p3 | L | 21.2 | 21.2-20.1, 20.68(5) | 21.8-14.0, 20.02(19) | 20.0 | 21.5 | 22.9-19.5, 20.93(16) | ||
| W | 13.2 | 13.3-13.0, 13.24(5) | 14.2-11.9, 12.89(19) | 13.3 | 13.7 | 16.6-13.3, 14.52(13) | |||
| W/L | 0.62 | 0.66-0.61, 0.64(5) | 0.68-0.61, 0.64(19) | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.78-0.63, 0.69(13) | |||
| p4 | L | 22.5 | 22.5-21.5, 22.05(6) | 24.0-20.5, 22.25(22) | 24.4 | 23.4 | 25.5-21.4, 23.46(19) | ||
| W | 12.6 | 13.3-13.1, 13.25(6) | 14.3-12.2, 12.75(21) | 13.3 | 13.3 | 16.1-11.8, 14.62(16) | |||
| W/L | 0.56 | 0.61-0.59, 0.60(6) | 0.60-0.52, 0.57(21) | 0.55 | 0.57 | 0.64-0.60, 0.62(16) | |||
| m1 | L | 25.0 | 27.1-23.2, 25.35(4) | 28.7-23.1, 24.82(21) | 24.7 | 24.5, 24.5 | 26.9-23.4, 25.44(22) | ||
| W | 12.0 | 12.4-11.6, 12.05(4) | 12.2-10.4, 11.42(21) | 12.6 | 11.1, 11.3 | 14.6-10.8, 12.80(16) | |||
| Tri L | 19.4 | 21.6-18.8, 20.16(5) | 20.7-17.4, 18.77(20) | 19.2 | 19.9, 19.4 | 22.8-19.4, 21.41(19) | |||
| Tri/m1 | 0.78 | 0.81-0.78 0.80(4) | 0.81-0.72, 0.76(21) | 0.78 | 0.81, 0.79 | 0.86-0.81, 0.83(19) | |||
Table 3 Measurements of the lower teeth of selected species in Pachycrocuta (mm)
| P. pyrenaica | P. perrieri | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | Ukraine | France | Tunis | France | |||||
| Yegou | Yushe | Odess Catacomb | Serra d'en Vacquer | Ain Brimba | Etouaires1) | ||||
| V 18835 | Qiu, | Howell and Petter, | |||||||
| range,mean(number) | |||||||||
| p3 | L | 21.2 | 21.2-20.1, 20.68(5) | 21.8-14.0, 20.02(19) | 20.0 | 21.5 | 22.9-19.5, 20.93(16) | ||
| W | 13.2 | 13.3-13.0, 13.24(5) | 14.2-11.9, 12.89(19) | 13.3 | 13.7 | 16.6-13.3, 14.52(13) | |||
| W/L | 0.62 | 0.66-0.61, 0.64(5) | 0.68-0.61, 0.64(19) | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.78-0.63, 0.69(13) | |||
| p4 | L | 22.5 | 22.5-21.5, 22.05(6) | 24.0-20.5, 22.25(22) | 24.4 | 23.4 | 25.5-21.4, 23.46(19) | ||
| W | 12.6 | 13.3-13.1, 13.25(6) | 14.3-12.2, 12.75(21) | 13.3 | 13.3 | 16.1-11.8, 14.62(16) | |||
| W/L | 0.56 | 0.61-0.59, 0.60(6) | 0.60-0.52, 0.57(21) | 0.55 | 0.57 | 0.64-0.60, 0.62(16) | |||
| m1 | L | 25.0 | 27.1-23.2, 25.35(4) | 28.7-23.1, 24.82(21) | 24.7 | 24.5, 24.5 | 26.9-23.4, 25.44(22) | ||
| W | 12.0 | 12.4-11.6, 12.05(4) | 12.2-10.4, 11.42(21) | 12.6 | 11.1, 11.3 | 14.6-10.8, 12.80(16) | |||
| Tri L | 19.4 | 21.6-18.8, 20.16(5) | 20.7-17.4, 18.77(20) | 19.2 | 19.9, 19.4 | 22.8-19.4, 21.41(19) | |||
| Tri/m1 | 0.78 | 0.81-0.78 0.80(4) | 0.81-0.72, 0.76(21) | 0.78 | 0.81, 0.79 | 0.86-0.81, 0.83(19) | |||
Fig. 4 Fragmentary left mandible of Homotherium sp. with i2, c and p4 (IVPP V 18836.1) from Yegou A. buccal view, B. occlusal view, C. lingual view
| Homotherium | Machairodus | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homotherium sp. | H. crenatidens | M. kurteni | M. horriblis | |||||||||
| Yegou | Yushe | Renzidong | Seneze | Kalmakpai | Baode | |||||||
| V 18836.1 | RV 45018 | RV 45016 | RV 45017 | V 13675.1 | Ballesio, | Sotnikova, | V 15643 | |||||
| left | right | 1963 | 1992 | right | ||||||||
| symphysis depth | 69.3 | 79.7 | 60.1 | 59.5 | 70.3 | 71.0 | 72.5 | 80.0 | ||||
| c-i1 width | 30.3 | 27.8 | 29.3 | 27.5 | 29.4 | 35.6 | ||||||
| corpus depth anterior to p3 | 45.9 | 46.8 | 34.7 | 35.8 | 44.1 | 45.0 | 39.0 | 44.3 | ||||
| corpus depth anterior to p4 | 41.7 | 44.9 | ~33.1 | 35.1 | 41.6 | 44.9 | ||||||
| c-p3 diastema width | 38.1 | 44.2 | 36.9 | 38.3 | 46.5 | 37.0 | 37.7 | 55.2 | ||||
| c | L | 16.6 | 15.4 | 14.8 | 17.6 | 16.6 | 16.2 | 19.6 | ||||
| W | 11.1 | 10.9 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 10.4 | 11.6 | 13.2 | |||||
| p3 | L | 12.9* | 11.2* | 13.8* | 11.1 | 6.5 | 8.0 | 17.5 | 19.2 | |||
| W | 7.4 | 6.7 | 8.2 | 6.2 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 10.1 | |||||
| p4 | L | 24.8 | 17.0* | 21.2 | 21.8 | 21.1 | 22.0 | 26.8 | 33.5 | |||
| W | 11.4 | 8.9 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 11.0 | 11.5 | 14.0 | |||||
| c-p4 | L | 93.6 | 95.3 | 89.3 | 90.1 | 91.6+ | >88.0 | >97.0 | 131.7 | |||
| corpus thickness at p4 | 18.9 | 18.4 | 15.8 | 15.5 | 19.3 | 18.0 | 20.9 | |||||
Table 4 Measurements of the lower teeth and mandibles of selected machairodontines (mm)
| Homotherium | Machairodus | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homotherium sp. | H. crenatidens | M. kurteni | M. horriblis | |||||||||
| Yegou | Yushe | Renzidong | Seneze | Kalmakpai | Baode | |||||||
| V 18836.1 | RV 45018 | RV 45016 | RV 45017 | V 13675.1 | Ballesio, | Sotnikova, | V 15643 | |||||
| left | right | 1963 | 1992 | right | ||||||||
| symphysis depth | 69.3 | 79.7 | 60.1 | 59.5 | 70.3 | 71.0 | 72.5 | 80.0 | ||||
| c-i1 width | 30.3 | 27.8 | 29.3 | 27.5 | 29.4 | 35.6 | ||||||
| corpus depth anterior to p3 | 45.9 | 46.8 | 34.7 | 35.8 | 44.1 | 45.0 | 39.0 | 44.3 | ||||
| corpus depth anterior to p4 | 41.7 | 44.9 | ~33.1 | 35.1 | 41.6 | 44.9 | ||||||
| c-p3 diastema width | 38.1 | 44.2 | 36.9 | 38.3 | 46.5 | 37.0 | 37.7 | 55.2 | ||||
| c | L | 16.6 | 15.4 | 14.8 | 17.6 | 16.6 | 16.2 | 19.6 | ||||
| W | 11.1 | 10.9 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 10.4 | 11.6 | 13.2 | |||||
| p3 | L | 12.9* | 11.2* | 13.8* | 11.1 | 6.5 | 8.0 | 17.5 | 19.2 | |||
| W | 7.4 | 6.7 | 8.2 | 6.2 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 10.1 | |||||
| p4 | L | 24.8 | 17.0* | 21.2 | 21.8 | 21.1 | 22.0 | 26.8 | 33.5 | |||
| W | 11.4 | 8.9 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 11.0 | 11.5 | 14.0 | |||||
| c-p4 | L | 93.6 | 95.3 | 89.3 | 90.1 | 91.6+ | >88.0 | >97.0 | 131.7 | |||
| corpus thickness at p4 | 18.9 | 18.4 | 15.8 | 15.5 | 19.3 | 18.0 | 20.9 | |||||
Fig. 5 Fragmentary maxilla and mandibular corpora of Hipparion (Plesiohipparion) houfenense from Yegou A. right mandibular corpus with p2-m3 (IVPP V 18837.3); B. right mandibular corpus with p2-m3 (V 18837.7); C. right maxilla with P3-M2 (V 18837.1); 1. occlusal view, 2. buccal view
Fig. 6 Limb bones of Hipparion (Plesiohipparion) houfenense from Yegou A. proximal portion of left Mc III (IVPP V 18837.10: 1. proximal view, 2. anterior view); B. proximal portion of right Mt III (V 18837.15: 1. proximal view, 2. anterior view); C. proximal portion of right Mt II (V 18837.16: anterior view); D. distal portion of right humerus (V 18837.8: posterior view); E. right talus (V 18837.13: anterior view); F. ungual phalanx of the central digit (V 18837.17: anterior view); G. right calcaneus (V 18837.14: 1. lateral view, 2. medial view)
| Yegou | Jingle1) | Yushe2) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V 18837.2 | V 18837.3 | V 18837.7 | RV 31031 | THP10733 | ||||
| p2-p4 | L | 81.0 | 82.0 | 81.0 | ||||
| m1-m3 | L | 75.5 | 74.0 | 67.5 | 70.5 | 73.0 | ||
| p2-m3 | L | 155 | 150.0 | 141.0 | 154.0 | |||
| p2 | L | 32.7 | 28.7 | 23.5 | 29.0 | |||
| W | 12.5 | 12.0 | 17.0 | 13.1 | ||||
| doubleknot length | 14.0 | 11.3 | 13.5 | |||||
| p3 | L | 26.7 | 22.4 | 24.0 | 23.6 | |||
| W | 12.2 | 12.2 | 17.0 | 14.2 | ||||
| doubleknot length | 17.0 | 13.0 | 14.7 | |||||
| p4 | L | 24.6 | 22.8 | 21.0 | 22.6 | |||
| W | 12.3 | 11.8 | 16.5 | 13.0 | ||||
| doubleknot length | 16.4 | 12.4 | 14.3 | |||||
| m1 | L | 22.4 | 21.0 | 23.5 | 21.4 | |||
| W | 12.3 | 10.7 | 16.0 | 12.0 | ||||
| doubleknot length | 15.0 | 12.4 | 13.2 | |||||
| m2 | L | 23.2 | 21.5 | 24.0 | 22.0 | |||
| W | 11.0 | 9.7 | 15.0 | 11.9 | ||||
| doubleknot length | 14.0 | 12.0 | 13.2 | |||||
| m3 | L | 30.0 | 22.0 | 25.3 | ||||
| W | 10.8 | 8.5 | 10.7 | |||||
| doubleknot length | 13.0 | 10.0 | 11.9 | |||||
Table 5 Mesurements of the lower cheek teeth of Hipparion (Plesiohipparion) huofenense (mm)
| Yegou | Jingle1) | Yushe2) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V 18837.2 | V 18837.3 | V 18837.7 | RV 31031 | THP10733 | ||||
| p2-p4 | L | 81.0 | 82.0 | 81.0 | ||||
| m1-m3 | L | 75.5 | 74.0 | 67.5 | 70.5 | 73.0 | ||
| p2-m3 | L | 155 | 150.0 | 141.0 | 154.0 | |||
| p2 | L | 32.7 | 28.7 | 23.5 | 29.0 | |||
| W | 12.5 | 12.0 | 17.0 | 13.1 | ||||
| doubleknot length | 14.0 | 11.3 | 13.5 | |||||
| p3 | L | 26.7 | 22.4 | 24.0 | 23.6 | |||
| W | 12.2 | 12.2 | 17.0 | 14.2 | ||||
| doubleknot length | 17.0 | 13.0 | 14.7 | |||||
| p4 | L | 24.6 | 22.8 | 21.0 | 22.6 | |||
| W | 12.3 | 11.8 | 16.5 | 13.0 | ||||
| doubleknot length | 16.4 | 12.4 | 14.3 | |||||
| m1 | L | 22.4 | 21.0 | 23.5 | 21.4 | |||
| W | 12.3 | 10.7 | 16.0 | 12.0 | ||||
| doubleknot length | 15.0 | 12.4 | 13.2 | |||||
| m2 | L | 23.2 | 21.5 | 24.0 | 22.0 | |||
| W | 11.0 | 9.7 | 15.0 | 11.9 | ||||
| doubleknot length | 14.0 | 12.0 | 13.2 | |||||
| m3 | L | 30.0 | 22.0 | 25.3 | ||||
| W | 10.8 | 8.5 | 10.7 | |||||
| doubleknot length | 13.0 | 10.0 | 11.9 | |||||
| Yegou | Yushe (Qiu et al., | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V 18837.5 | V 18837.6 | V 18837.1 | V 18837.4 | THP10733 | |||
| P2 | L | 33.8 | 33.8 | 33.5 | |||
| W | 22.0 | 21.8 | 25.3 | ||||
| W/L×100 | 65.1 | 64.5 | 75.5 | ||||
| P3 | L | 27.3 | 25.0 | ||||
| W | 26.8 | 24.7 | |||||
| W/L×100 | 98.2 | 98.8 | |||||
| P4 | L | 25.0 | 25.0 | ||||
| W | 26.4 | 25.0 | |||||
| W/L×100 | 105.6 | 100.0 | |||||
| M1 | L | 21.4 | 22.4 | 22.2 | |||
| W | 25.5 | 25.3 | 21.9 | ||||
| W/L×100 | 119.2 | 112.9 | 98.6 | ||||
| M2 | L | 22.0 | 22.8 | 22.4 | |||
| W | 22.8 | 24.3 | 22.2 | ||||
| W/L×100 | 103.6 | 106.6 | 99.1 | ||||
| M3 | L | 25.0 | 21.8 | ||||
| W | 20.0 | 19.4 | |||||
| W/L×100 | 80.0 | 89.0 | |||||
Table 6 Measurements of the upper cheek teeth of Hipparion (Plesiohipparion) houfenense (mm)
| Yegou | Yushe (Qiu et al., | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V 18837.5 | V 18837.6 | V 18837.1 | V 18837.4 | THP10733 | |||
| P2 | L | 33.8 | 33.8 | 33.5 | |||
| W | 22.0 | 21.8 | 25.3 | ||||
| W/L×100 | 65.1 | 64.5 | 75.5 | ||||
| P3 | L | 27.3 | 25.0 | ||||
| W | 26.8 | 24.7 | |||||
| W/L×100 | 98.2 | 98.8 | |||||
| P4 | L | 25.0 | 25.0 | ||||
| W | 26.4 | 25.0 | |||||
| W/L×100 | 105.6 | 100.0 | |||||
| M1 | L | 21.4 | 22.4 | 22.2 | |||
| W | 25.5 | 25.3 | 21.9 | ||||
| W/L×100 | 119.2 | 112.9 | 98.6 | ||||
| M2 | L | 22.0 | 22.8 | 22.4 | |||
| W | 22.8 | 24.3 | 22.2 | ||||
| W/L×100 | 103.6 | 106.6 | 99.1 | ||||
| M3 | L | 25.0 | 21.8 | ||||
| W | 20.0 | 19.4 | |||||
| W/L×100 | 80.0 | 89.0 | |||||
| Yegou | Jingle1) | Yushe1) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V 18837.8 | V 18837.9 | RV 31036 | THP10106 | |||
| distal maximal breadth | 56.5 | 56.3 | 75.0 | 75.0 | ||
| distal breadth at trochlea | 50.5 | 49.4 | 76.0 | 75.0 | ||
| trochlear depth at sagittal groove | 28.2 | 30.2 | 39.0 | 37.0 | ||
| distal maximal depth | 37.5 | 37.6 | 51.0 | 51.0 | ||
| distance between posterior margins of lateral ligment pit and lateral epicondyle | 7.0 | 7.2 | 11.0 | 11.0 | ||
Table 7 Measurements of the humerus of Hipparion (Plesiohipparion) houfenense (mm)
| Yegou | Jingle1) | Yushe1) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V 18837.8 | V 18837.9 | RV 31036 | THP10106 | |||
| distal maximal breadth | 56.5 | 56.3 | 75.0 | 75.0 | ||
| distal breadth at trochlea | 50.5 | 49.4 | 76.0 | 75.0 | ||
| trochlear depth at sagittal groove | 28.2 | 30.2 | 39.0 | 37.0 | ||
| distal maximal depth | 37.5 | 37.6 | 51.0 | 51.0 | ||
| distance between posterior margins of lateral ligment pit and lateral epicondyle | 7.0 | 7.2 | 11.0 | 11.0 | ||
| Yegou (V 18837.10-11) | Yushe (range, mean, number) 1) | |
|---|---|---|
| proximal articular breadth | 43.3 | 44.0-52.6, 49.1, 19 |
| proximal articular depth | 28.7 | 32.0-35.8, 34.3, 20 |
| diaphysis minimal breadth | 32.2 | 28.9-36.4, 32.8, 23 |
| diaphysis depth at minimal breath | 25.8 | 24.8-31.0, 27.2, 23 |
| distal maximal articular breadth | 40.0 | 41.4-47.2, 43.9, 20 |
| distal maximal supra-articular breadth | 42.0 | 41.7-46.7, 43.4, 20 |
| distal maximal depth of the keel | 35.2 | 34.2-38.3, 36.1, 22 |
| distal minimal depth of the medial condyle | 29.6 | 27.1-32.7, 30.0, 22 |
Table 8 Measurements of the metacarpal III of Hipparion (Plesiohipparion) houfenense (mm)
| Yegou (V 18837.10-11) | Yushe (range, mean, number) 1) | |
|---|---|---|
| proximal articular breadth | 43.3 | 44.0-52.6, 49.1, 19 |
| proximal articular depth | 28.7 | 32.0-35.8, 34.3, 20 |
| diaphysis minimal breadth | 32.2 | 28.9-36.4, 32.8, 23 |
| diaphysis depth at minimal breath | 25.8 | 24.8-31.0, 27.2, 23 |
| distal maximal articular breadth | 40.0 | 41.4-47.2, 43.9, 20 |
| distal maximal supra-articular breadth | 42.0 | 41.7-46.7, 43.4, 20 |
| distal maximal depth of the keel | 35.2 | 34.2-38.3, 36.1, 22 |
| distal minimal depth of the medial condyle | 29.6 | 27.1-32.7, 30.0, 22 |
| V 18837.14 | |
|---|---|
| maximal length | >95.0 |
| maximal articular length | 52.5 |
| breadth at calcaneal tuberosity | 21.0 |
| distal maximal breadth | 50.0 |
| minimal breadth | 40.0 |
| proximal maximal depth | 42.0 |
| distal maximal depth | 41.0 |
| medial talar articular breadth/depth | 18.0/36.0 |
| lateral talar articular breadth/depth | 23.0/36.0 |
| metatarsal articular breadth/depth | 13.0/35.0 |
Table 9 Measurements of the calcaneus of Hipparion (Plesiohipparion) houfenense from Yegou (mm)
| V 18837.14 | |
|---|---|
| maximal length | >95.0 |
| maximal articular length | 52.5 |
| breadth at calcaneal tuberosity | 21.0 |
| distal maximal breadth | 50.0 |
| minimal breadth | 40.0 |
| proximal maximal depth | 42.0 |
| distal maximal depth | 41.0 |
| medial talar articular breadth/depth | 18.0/36.0 |
| lateral talar articular breadth/depth | 23.0/36.0 |
| metatarsal articular breadth/depth | 13.0/35.0 |
| Yegou (V 18837.15) | Yushe (range, mean, number)1) | |
|---|---|---|
| proximal articular breadth | 46.2 | 44.0-50.6, 47.8, 18 |
| proximal articular depth | 33.0 | 35.6-40.0, 37.7, 19 |
| minimal breadth (near the middle) | 29.0 | 26.6-34.0, 31.7, 24 |
| diaphysis depth at minimal breadth | 27.5 | 27.8-33.9, 31.5, 24 |
Table 11 Measurements of the metatarsal III of Hipparion (Plesiohipparion) houfenense (mm)
| Yegou (V 18837.15) | Yushe (range, mean, number)1) | |
|---|---|---|
| proximal articular breadth | 46.2 | 44.0-50.6, 47.8, 18 |
| proximal articular depth | 33.0 | 35.6-40.0, 37.7, 19 |
| minimal breadth (near the middle) | 29.0 | 26.6-34.0, 31.7, 24 |
| diaphysis depth at minimal breadth | 27.5 | 27.8-33.9, 31.5, 24 |
| Yegou (V 18837.13) | Jingle (RV 31032)1) | Yushe (THP10731)1) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| maximal length | 56.0 | 62.9 | 61.2 |
| maximal diameter of medial condyle | 57.3 | 60.1 | 61.5 |
| maximal breadth | 59.0 | 63.2 | 63.0 |
| breadth of trochlea (at the apex of each condyle) | 28.0 | 30.0 | 29.3 |
| distal articular breadth | 47.0 | 51.5 | 48.7 |
| distal articular depth | 32.0 | 39.5 | 35.7 |
| maximal medial depth | 49.5 | 51.0 | 62.5 |
Table 10 Measurements of the talus of Hipparion (Plesiohipparion) houfenense (mm)
| Yegou (V 18837.13) | Jingle (RV 31032)1) | Yushe (THP10731)1) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| maximal length | 56.0 | 62.9 | 61.2 |
| maximal diameter of medial condyle | 57.3 | 60.1 | 61.5 |
| maximal breadth | 59.0 | 63.2 | 63.0 |
| breadth of trochlea (at the apex of each condyle) | 28.0 | 30.0 | 29.3 |
| distal articular breadth | 47.0 | 51.5 | 48.7 |
| distal articular depth | 32.0 | 39.5 | 35.7 |
| maximal medial depth | 49.5 | 51.0 | 62.5 |
| Yegou (V 18837.17) | Yushe (THP30959)1) | |
|---|---|---|
| anterior length | 52.4 | 58.7 |
| length from the posterior edge of the articular surface to the tip of the phalanx | 51.2 | 65.9 |
| angle between the sole and the dorsal line | ≥45° | 44° |
| maximal breadth | 53.3 | 70.7 |
| maximal breadth of flexor surface | 36.7 | 43.4 |
| maximal depth of flexor surface | 19.0 | 24.0 |
| maximal height | 36.3 | 60.0 |
| articular breadth/depth | 34.5/21.0 |
Table 12 Measurements of the ungual phalanx of Hipparion (Plesiohipparion) houfenense (mm)
| Yegou (V 18837.17) | Yushe (THP30959)1) | |
|---|---|---|
| anterior length | 52.4 | 58.7 |
| length from the posterior edge of the articular surface to the tip of the phalanx | 51.2 | 65.9 |
| angle between the sole and the dorsal line | ≥45° | 44° |
| maximal breadth | 53.3 | 70.7 |
| maximal breadth of flexor surface | 36.7 | 43.4 |
| maximal depth of flexor surface | 19.0 | 24.0 |
| maximal height | 36.3 | 60.0 |
| articular breadth/depth | 34.5/21.0 |
Fig. 7 Limb bones of Dicerorhinus sp. from Yegou A. distal portion of left Mc III (IVPP V 18838.2: anterior view); B. distal portion of left Mt II (V 18838.3: anterior view); C. distal portion of left Mt IV (V 18838.6: anterior view); D. proximal portion of left Mc II (V 18838.1: anterior view); E. right patella (V 18838.7: 1. anterior view, 2. posterior view); F. left calcaneus (V 18838.9: anterior view); G. distal portion of left radius (V 18838.8: anterior view)
| Yegou | Hajnáčka | Hundsheim | Nihewan | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dicerorhinus sp. | D. megarhinus1) | D. etruscus1) | E. peii2) | C. nihowanensis3) | ||
| Radius | ||||||
| distal maximal breadth | 110.0 | 105.0-116.0 | 100.5 | |||
| distal maximal articular breadth | 93.0 | 87.5-99.0 | 73.0-73.8 | 82.0-115.0 | ||
| distal maximal depth | 67.0 | 75.0 | 59.0 | |||
| distal maximal articular depth | 47.5 | 55.0 | ||||
| breadth of articular surface with magnum | 44.0 | 42.0-47.0 | ||||
| breadth of articular surface with scaphoid | 47.0 | 62.0 | ||||
| Metacarpal II | ||||||
| proximal maximal breadth | 58.5 | 50.0-55.0 | 42.0-43.0 | 39.0 | ||
| proximal maximal depth | 48.0 | 40.0-57.0 | ||||
| breadth at the middle of diaphysis | 41.0 | 38.0-41.5 | ||||
| depth at the middle of diaphysis | 24.0 | 22.0-32.0 | ||||
| Metacarpal III | ||||||
| breadth at the middle of diaphysis | 55.0 | 52.0-65.2 | 48.5-52.6 | 69.4-76.0 | ||
| depth at the middle of diaphysis | 25.0 | 23.4-24.0 | 19.0-24.0 | 30.0-35.8 | ||
| distal maximal breadth | 65.5 | 91.8-105.7 | 53.0 | |||
| distal maximal articular breadth | 51.0 | 51.0-59.5 | 44.0-50.5 | 77.0-87.2 | ||
| distal maximal articular depth | 54.0 | 49.0-51.0 | 51.0 | |||
| Patella | ||||||
| sagittal length | 124.0 | 130.0 | 108.2 | |||
| breadth | 101.5 | 110.0 | 86.0 | |||
| maximal depth | 75.0 | 78.0 | 52.0 | |||
| articular sagittal length | 95.0 | 83.0 | ||||
| articular breadth | 91.0 | 94.0 | ||||
| Calcaneus | ||||||
| length | 113.0 | |||||
| articular length | 92.0 | |||||
| breadth at calcaneal tuberosity | 41.0 | 61.3 | ||||
| maximal breadth | 90.0 | |||||
| depth at calcaneal tuberosity | 70.0 | 108.7 | ||||
| distal maximal depth | 91.5 | |||||
| tarsal articular breadth | 31.0 | |||||
| tarsal articular depth | 54.0 | |||||
| medial talar articular breadth | 42.0 | |||||
| talar articular depth | 77.0 | |||||
| lateral talar articular breadth | 44.0 | |||||
| lateral talar articular depth | 42.0 | |||||
| Metatarsal II | ||||||
| breadth at the middle of diaphysis | 44.0 | 32.0-37.0 | 30.0 | 54.5 | ||
| depth at the middle of diaphysis | 31.0 | 27.0-33.0 | 26.0 | 29.3-34.5 | ||
| distal maximal breadth | 50.0, 45.0 | 49.0 | 39.0 | 31.0 | ||
| distal maximal articular breadth | 55.0, 47.5 | 41.0 | 35.0 | |||
| distal maximal articular depth | 62.0, 53.5 | 43.0 | 45.0 | |||
| Metatarsal IV | ||||||
| breadth at the middle of diaphysis | 34.0 | 31.0-39.0 | 31.0 | |||
| depth at the middle of diaphysis | 29.0 | 23.0-32.0 | 24.0 | |||
| distal maximal breadth | 43.0, 49.0 | 46.0-55.0 | 38.7 | 33.0 | ||
| distal maximal articular breadth | 46.0, 52.0 | 43.0-47.0 | 36.5 | |||
| distal maximal articular depth | 53.0, 58.0 | 43.0-49.0 | 41.2 | |||
Table 13 Limb bone measurements of selected species in Dicerorhinus, Elasmotherium and Coelodonta (mm)
| Yegou | Hajnáčka | Hundsheim | Nihewan | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dicerorhinus sp. | D. megarhinus1) | D. etruscus1) | E. peii2) | C. nihowanensis3) | ||
| Radius | ||||||
| distal maximal breadth | 110.0 | 105.0-116.0 | 100.5 | |||
| distal maximal articular breadth | 93.0 | 87.5-99.0 | 73.0-73.8 | 82.0-115.0 | ||
| distal maximal depth | 67.0 | 75.0 | 59.0 | |||
| distal maximal articular depth | 47.5 | 55.0 | ||||
| breadth of articular surface with magnum | 44.0 | 42.0-47.0 | ||||
| breadth of articular surface with scaphoid | 47.0 | 62.0 | ||||
| Metacarpal II | ||||||
| proximal maximal breadth | 58.5 | 50.0-55.0 | 42.0-43.0 | 39.0 | ||
| proximal maximal depth | 48.0 | 40.0-57.0 | ||||
| breadth at the middle of diaphysis | 41.0 | 38.0-41.5 | ||||
| depth at the middle of diaphysis | 24.0 | 22.0-32.0 | ||||
| Metacarpal III | ||||||
| breadth at the middle of diaphysis | 55.0 | 52.0-65.2 | 48.5-52.6 | 69.4-76.0 | ||
| depth at the middle of diaphysis | 25.0 | 23.4-24.0 | 19.0-24.0 | 30.0-35.8 | ||
| distal maximal breadth | 65.5 | 91.8-105.7 | 53.0 | |||
| distal maximal articular breadth | 51.0 | 51.0-59.5 | 44.0-50.5 | 77.0-87.2 | ||
| distal maximal articular depth | 54.0 | 49.0-51.0 | 51.0 | |||
| Patella | ||||||
| sagittal length | 124.0 | 130.0 | 108.2 | |||
| breadth | 101.5 | 110.0 | 86.0 | |||
| maximal depth | 75.0 | 78.0 | 52.0 | |||
| articular sagittal length | 95.0 | 83.0 | ||||
| articular breadth | 91.0 | 94.0 | ||||
| Calcaneus | ||||||
| length | 113.0 | |||||
| articular length | 92.0 | |||||
| breadth at calcaneal tuberosity | 41.0 | 61.3 | ||||
| maximal breadth | 90.0 | |||||
| depth at calcaneal tuberosity | 70.0 | 108.7 | ||||
| distal maximal depth | 91.5 | |||||
| tarsal articular breadth | 31.0 | |||||
| tarsal articular depth | 54.0 | |||||
| medial talar articular breadth | 42.0 | |||||
| talar articular depth | 77.0 | |||||
| lateral talar articular breadth | 44.0 | |||||
| lateral talar articular depth | 42.0 | |||||
| Metatarsal II | ||||||
| breadth at the middle of diaphysis | 44.0 | 32.0-37.0 | 30.0 | 54.5 | ||
| depth at the middle of diaphysis | 31.0 | 27.0-33.0 | 26.0 | 29.3-34.5 | ||
| distal maximal breadth | 50.0, 45.0 | 49.0 | 39.0 | 31.0 | ||
| distal maximal articular breadth | 55.0, 47.5 | 41.0 | 35.0 | |||
| distal maximal articular depth | 62.0, 53.5 | 43.0 | 45.0 | |||
| Metatarsal IV | ||||||
| breadth at the middle of diaphysis | 34.0 | 31.0-39.0 | 31.0 | |||
| depth at the middle of diaphysis | 29.0 | 23.0-32.0 | 24.0 | |||
| distal maximal breadth | 43.0, 49.0 | 46.0-55.0 | 38.7 | 33.0 | ||
| distal maximal articular breadth | 46.0, 52.0 | 43.0-47.0 | 36.5 | |||
| distal maximal articular depth | 53.0, 58.0 | 43.0-49.0 | 41.2 | |||
Fig. 8 Selected dentition and horn core of Gazella blacki from Yegou A. fragmentary right mandibular corpus with p2-m3 (IVPP V 18839.4: 1. buccal view,2. occlusal view; 3 cm scale bar); B. fragmentary left horn core (V 18839.1: 1. lateral view, 2. anterior view, 3. medial view; 2 cm scale bar)
| G. blacki | G. sinensis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yegou | Hefeng1) | Rengjiagou2) | Nihewan3) | |||
| range, number | ||||||
| length of horn core | ~100.0 | ~88.0 | ||||
| rostrocaudal diameter of horn core base | 28.2-29.4, 2 | 23.0-25.5, 2 | 24.8 | 36.0-47.0, 4 | ||
| breadth of horn core base | 23.6-24.7, 2 | 20.5-22.0, 2 | 22.5 | 28.0-36.0, 4 | ||
| p2-m3 | length | 65.3-65.4, 2 | 62.5-65.0, 3 | 68.6 | 65.0-78.0, 3 | |
| p2-p4 | 24.9-25.0, 2 | 22.0-24.5, 3 | 24.5 | 22.0-28.0, 3 | ||
| p2 | 6.0-6.3, 2 | 5.2-6.8, 3 | ||||
| p3 | 7.8-9.0, 3 | 7.1-8.9, 3 | ||||
| p4 | 10.4-10.6, 3 | 8.7-9.5, 3 | ||||
Table 14 Measurements of the horn core and cheek teeth of Gazella blacki and G. sinensis (mm)
| G. blacki | G. sinensis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yegou | Hefeng1) | Rengjiagou2) | Nihewan3) | |||
| range, number | ||||||
| length of horn core | ~100.0 | ~88.0 | ||||
| rostrocaudal diameter of horn core base | 28.2-29.4, 2 | 23.0-25.5, 2 | 24.8 | 36.0-47.0, 4 | ||
| breadth of horn core base | 23.6-24.7, 2 | 20.5-22.0, 2 | 22.5 | 28.0-36.0, 4 | ||
| p2-m3 | length | 65.3-65.4, 2 | 62.5-65.0, 3 | 68.6 | 65.0-78.0, 3 | |
| p2-p4 | 24.9-25.0, 2 | 22.0-24.5, 3 | 24.5 | 22.0-28.0, 3 | ||
| p2 | 6.0-6.3, 2 | 5.2-6.8, 3 | ||||
| p3 | 7.8-9.0, 3 | 7.1-8.9, 3 | ||||
| p4 | 10.4-10.6, 3 | 8.7-9.5, 3 | ||||
Fig. 9 Antler, upper cheek teeth, and limb bones of Axis shansius from Yegou A. antler fragment (IVPP V 18841.1: 1. lateral view, 2. medial view); B. fragmentary right maxilla with P2-M3 (V 18841.2: occlusal view); C. distal portion of right radius (V 18841.4: 1. anterior view, 2. distal view); D. distal portion of left tibia (V 18841.5: 1. posterior view, 2. distal view); E. left talus (V 18841.6: posterior view); F. proximal portion of left Mt III-IV (V 18841.8: 1. anterior view, 2. proximal view)
| A. shansius | Cervus sp. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yegou | Yushe (type, THP27726)1) | Guide2) | Jingle3) | |||
| P2-M3 | L | 111.0 | 99.0 | |||
| M1-M3 | 51.5 | 58.0 | ||||
| P2-P4 | 45.3 | 46.0 | ||||
| P2 | L/W | 15.5/12.0 | 18.0/12.0 | |||
| P3 | 15.5/14.0 | 16.0/15.0 | ||||
| P4 | 12.5/16.0 | 12.5/16.0 | ||||
| M1 | 18.0/17.0 | 18.0/17.0 | ||||
| M2 | 20.5/20.0 | 19.0/19.0 | ||||
| M3 | 21.0/19.5 | 20.0/16.0 | ||||
| height of antler base | >80.0 (burr not included) | >60.0 (burr included) | 87.0-107.0 (burr included) | |||
| maximal diameter of antler base | 43.0 | |||||
| maximal diameter of burr | 56.0 | 56.0 | ||||
| maximal diameter of antler base above burr | >45.0 | 43.0 | 39.0-41.0 | |||
| maximal breadth of distal radius | >57.0 | 50.0 | ||||
| maximal depth of distal radius | 39.0 | |||||
| maximal breadth of distal tibia | 49.5 | 43.0 | ||||
| maximal depth of distal tibia | 38.0 | |||||
| maximal length of talus | 48.0-54.5 | 52.0 | ||||
| maximal breadth of talus | 30.0-34.0 | 33.5 | ||||
| maximal breadth of proximal metatarsal | 35.5-37.0 | 34.0 | ||||
| breadth at the middle of metatarsal diaphysis | 24.5-21.5 | |||||
Table 15 Measuements of antlers, limb bones and cheek teeth of Axis shansius and Cervus sp. (mm)
| A. shansius | Cervus sp. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yegou | Yushe (type, THP27726)1) | Guide2) | Jingle3) | |||
| P2-M3 | L | 111.0 | 99.0 | |||
| M1-M3 | 51.5 | 58.0 | ||||
| P2-P4 | 45.3 | 46.0 | ||||
| P2 | L/W | 15.5/12.0 | 18.0/12.0 | |||
| P3 | 15.5/14.0 | 16.0/15.0 | ||||
| P4 | 12.5/16.0 | 12.5/16.0 | ||||
| M1 | 18.0/17.0 | 18.0/17.0 | ||||
| M2 | 20.5/20.0 | 19.0/19.0 | ||||
| M3 | 21.0/19.5 | 20.0/16.0 | ||||
| height of antler base | >80.0 (burr not included) | >60.0 (burr included) | 87.0-107.0 (burr included) | |||
| maximal diameter of antler base | 43.0 | |||||
| maximal diameter of burr | 56.0 | 56.0 | ||||
| maximal diameter of antler base above burr | >45.0 | 43.0 | 39.0-41.0 | |||
| maximal breadth of distal radius | >57.0 | 50.0 | ||||
| maximal depth of distal radius | 39.0 | |||||
| maximal breadth of distal tibia | 49.5 | 43.0 | ||||
| maximal depth of distal tibia | 38.0 | |||||
| maximal length of talus | 48.0-54.5 | 52.0 | ||||
| maximal breadth of talus | 30.0-34.0 | 33.5 | ||||
| maximal breadth of proximal metatarsal | 35.5-37.0 | 34.0 | ||||
| breadth at the middle of metatarsal diaphysis | 24.5-21.5 | |||||
Fig. 10 Specimens of Muntiacus sp. and Paracamelus sp. from Yegou A. Muntiacus sp. (1 cm scale bar): fragmentary right maxilla with M2-3 (IVPP V 18840: occlusal view); B-E. Paracamelus sp. (5 cm scale bar): B. right M3 (V 18842.2: 1. occlusal view, 2 buccal view); C. right M2 (V 18842.1: 1. occlusal view, 2. buccal view); D. manual 4th proximal phalanx (V 18842.4: 1. anterior view, 2. posterior view, 3. proximal view); E. distal portion of left humerus (V 18842.3: posterior view)
| Paracamelus sp. | P. gigas | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yegou | Renjiagou (Zhang et al., | Mianchi (Zdansky, | |||
| M2 | length | 45.5 | 42.0 | ?46.0 | |
| anterior width | 35.0 | 29.7 | 42.4 | ||
| posterior width | 33.0 | ||||
| M3 | length | 43.0 | 42.0 | 55.0 | |
| anterior width | 34.5 | 23.5 | 43.3 | ||
| posterior width | 29.0 | ||||
Table 16 Measurements of upper molars of Paracamelus sp. and P. gigas (mm)
| Paracamelus sp. | P. gigas | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yegou | Renjiagou (Zhang et al., | Mianchi (Zdansky, | |||
| M2 | length | 45.5 | 42.0 | ?46.0 | |
| anterior width | 35.0 | 29.7 | 42.4 | ||
| posterior width | 33.0 | ||||
| M3 | length | 43.0 | 42.0 | 55.0 | |
| anterior width | 34.5 | 23.5 | 43.3 | ||
| posterior width | 29.0 | ||||
| distal maximal breadth | 71.0 |
|---|---|
| distal maximal depth | 73.0 |
| breadth of olecranon fossa | 22.0 |
| medial depth of trochlea | 44.0 |
| depth of capitulum | 50.0 |
| minimal depth between trochlea and capitulum | 37.0 |
Table 17 Measurements of the humerus of Paracamelus sp. from Yegou (mm)
| distal maximal breadth | 71.0 |
|---|---|
| distal maximal depth | 73.0 |
| breadth of olecranon fossa | 22.0 |
| medial depth of trochlea | 44.0 |
| depth of capitulum | 50.0 |
| minimal depth between trochlea and capitulum | 37.0 |
| Paracamelus sp. (manual) | P. gigas (pedal) | Camelus ferus | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yegou | Zhoukoudian1) | Mianchi2) | Yushe3) | extant | |||
| length | 127.0 | 112.0 | 111.5 | 106.0-131.0 | 88.0 | ||
| proximal breadth | 55.0 | 48.0 | 44.3 | 44.0-49.0 | 44.0 | ||
| distal breadth | 37.0 | ?38.0 | 36.8 | 35.0-43.0 | 34.0 | ||
Table 18 Measurements of the fourth proximal phalanx of selected camelins (mm)
| Paracamelus sp. (manual) | P. gigas (pedal) | Camelus ferus | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yegou | Zhoukoudian1) | Mianchi2) | Yushe3) | extant | |||
| length | 127.0 | 112.0 | 111.5 | 106.0-131.0 | 88.0 | ||
| proximal breadth | 55.0 | 48.0 | 44.3 | 44.0-49.0 | 44.0 | ||
| distal breadth | 37.0 | ?38.0 | 36.8 | 35.0-43.0 | 34.0 | ||
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