古脊椎动物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 61 ›› Issue (1): 43-70.DOI: 10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.221123CSTR: 32090.14.j.cnki.2096-9899.221123
李琪1,2, 李茜2,3,*(
)
收稿日期:2022-09-15
出版日期:2023-01-20
发布日期:2023-01-11
基金资助:
LI Qi1,2, LI Qian2,3,*()
Received:2022-09-15
Published:2023-01-20
Online:2023-01-11
Contact:
* liqian@ivpp.ac.cn摘要：
内蒙古二连盆地乌拉乌苏地区是亚洲哺乳动物分期中沙拉木伦期哺乳动物群的发现地和经典产地。在以往的研究中鲜少有关于这一地区啮齿类化石的报道。近来，在该地区沙拉木伦组下部地层中发现大量的啮齿类化石，经详细的形态学研究，它们被归入1超科4科7属9种，包括梳趾鼠超科的Yuomys cavioides, Gobiomys neimongolensis, G. exiguus以及G. asiaticus; 跳鼠科Allosminthus uniconjugatus和Primisminthus shanghenus; 仓鼠科Pappocricetodon rencunensis; 壮鼠科Hulgana cf. H. ertnia和圆柱齿鼠科Proardynomys ulausuensis。乌拉乌苏沙拉木伦组下部与额尔登敖包“下红层”的啮齿类组合具有高度相似性，两者共同构成了二连盆地沙拉木伦期啮齿类动物群。综合二连盆地乌拉乌苏地点沙拉木伦组下部以及额尔登敖包剖面“下红层”的啮齿类化石，运用最小个体数的方法对二连盆地沙拉木伦期啮齿类动物群的组分和特征进行了分析，结果显示梳趾鼠类最具优势，跳鼠类和仓鼠类次之。通过物种多样性分析，二连盆地古近纪啮齿类动物群呈现出早中始新世以梳趾鼠类为主导类群到晚始新世以仓鼠、跳鼠类为主导类群的转变。内蒙古二连盆地和山西垣曲盆地沙拉木伦期啮齿类动物群的特征存在差异，很可能是由两个动物群所处不同的区域环境所造成的。
中图分类号:
李琪, 李茜. 内蒙古二连盆地沙拉木伦期啮齿类动物群研究. 古脊椎动物学报, 2023, 61(1): 43-70.
LI Qi, LI Qian. The Sharamurunian rodent fauna in the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2023, 61(1): 43-70.
Fig. 1 Stratigraphy section of Ula Usu A. the Paleogene outcrop at Ula Usu; B. stratigraphic section of the studied sediment series at Ula Usu The area circled by the red dotted line in the A-graph is the strata where new rodent fossils were collected, which was produced in between 30 and 10 m of the stratigraphic column in the B-graph
| P. ulausuensis sp. nov. | Proardynomys sp. | P. borkhoii | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li, | Dashzeveg and Meng, | ||||||
| V28608 | V26554.1-5 | PSS 41-30 | PSS 41-29 | ||||
| p4 | L | 3.75 | 4.10 | ||||
| W | 3.40 | 3.00 | |||||
| m1 | L | 3.05 | 3.20-3.30 | 3.82 | 3.54 | ||
| W | 3.10 | 3.20-3.50 | 3.44 | 3.00 | |||
| m2 | L | 3.50 | 3.20-3.50 | 4.10 | 3.70 | ||
| W | 3.25 | 3.50 | 3.46 | 3.14 | |||
| m3 | L | 4.00 | 4.60 | 4.36 | |||
| W | 3.35 | 3.50 | 3.45 | ||||
Table 1 Measurements of lower cheek teeth of Proardynomys (mm)
| P. ulausuensis sp. nov. | Proardynomys sp. | P. borkhoii | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li, | Dashzeveg and Meng, | ||||||
| V28608 | V26554.1-5 | PSS 41-30 | PSS 41-29 | ||||
| p4 | L | 3.75 | 4.10 | ||||
| W | 3.40 | 3.00 | |||||
| m1 | L | 3.05 | 3.20-3.30 | 3.82 | 3.54 | ||
| W | 3.10 | 3.20-3.50 | 3.44 | 3.00 | |||
| m2 | L | 3.50 | 3.20-3.50 | 4.10 | 3.70 | ||
| W | 3.25 | 3.50 | 3.46 | 3.14 | |||
| m3 | L | 4.00 | 4.60 | 4.36 | |||
| W | 3.35 | 3.50 | 3.45 | ||||
Fig. 2 The right mandible with p4-m3 of Proardynomys ulausuensis sp. nov. (IVPP V28608) in occlusal (A), lingual (B) and labial (C) views
| n | L | Mean | W | Mean | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P4 | 2 | 3.40-3.60 | 3.50 | 3.95 | 3.95 |
| M1 | 7 | 3.20-3.65 | 3.39 | 3.10-4.60 | 3.76 |
| M2 | 9 | 3.20-3.75 | 3.46 | 3.70-4.40 | 4.00 |
| M3 | 1 | 3.10 | 3.10 | 3.80 | 3.80 |
| m1 | 3 | 3.60-3.90 | 3.73 | 3.10-3.40 | 3.23 |
| m2 | 4 | 3.60-4.00 | 3.90 | 3.70-3.90 | 3.76 |
| m3 | 2 | 4.90-5.00 | 4.95 | 3.90-4.30 | 4.10 |
Table 2 Measurements of teeth of Yuomys cavioides from Ula Usu (mm)
| n | L | Mean | W | Mean | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P4 | 2 | 3.40-3.60 | 3.50 | 3.95 | 3.95 |
| M1 | 7 | 3.20-3.65 | 3.39 | 3.10-4.60 | 3.76 |
| M2 | 9 | 3.20-3.75 | 3.46 | 3.70-4.40 | 4.00 |
| M3 | 1 | 3.10 | 3.10 | 3.80 | 3.80 |
| m1 | 3 | 3.60-3.90 | 3.73 | 3.10-3.40 | 3.23 |
| m2 | 4 | 3.60-4.00 | 3.90 | 3.70-3.90 | 3.76 |
| m3 | 2 | 4.90-5.00 | 4.95 | 3.90-4.30 | 4.10 |
Fig. 3 Cheek teeth of Yuomys cavioides from Ula Usu, Erlian Basin A. IVPP V28604.2, left maxilla with P3-M3; B. V28604.16, left m1; C. V28604.6, left mandible with m2-3
Fig. 4 Diagram of mean measurements of the cheek teeth in ten species of Yuomys
| V28605.1-33 | V23903.1-44 | V12518.1-34 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li, | Wang, | |||||||||||
| n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | ||||
| M1 | L | 1 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 13 | 1.60-1.95 | 1.73 | 7 | 1.53-1.94 | 1.82 | ||
| W | 2 | 1.63-1.77 | 1.70 | 13 | 1.70-2.05 | 1.82 | 7 | 1.70-2.18 | 1.95 | |||
| M2 | L | 5 | 1.22-1.60 | 1.49 | 8 | 1.75-2.05 | 1.89 | 10 | 1.85-2.30 | 2.06 | ||
| W | 5 | 1.33-1.73 | 1.55 | 8 | 1.95-2.15 | 2.06 | 9 | 2.00-2.46 | 2.17 | |||
| M3 | L | 2 | 1.40-1.60 | 1.50 | 8 | 1.85-2.10 | 2.00 | 5 | 2.05-2.28 | 2.19 | ||
| W | 2 | 1.45-1.50 | 1.48 | 8 | 1.95-2.25 | 2.01 | 5 | 1.90-2.20 | 2.08 | |||
| P4 | L | 2 | 1.13-1.20 | 1.17 | 1 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 2 | 1.13-1.17 | 1.15 | ||
| W | 2 | 0.93-1.00 | 0.97 | 1 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| m1 | L | 7 | 1.22-1.40 | 1.30 | 7 | 1.50-1.75 | 1.65 | 7 | 1.50-1.90 | 1.74 | ||
| W | 7 | 1.00-1.20 | 1.11 | 7 | 1.34-1.45 | 1.40 | 7 | 1.30-1.63 | 1.47 | |||
| m2 | L | 4 | 1.53-1.87 | 1.71 | 7 | 1.80-2.00 | 1.91 | 12 | 1.80-2.45 | 2.04 | ||
| W | 4 | 1.30-1.62 | 1.52 | 7 | 1.65-1.75 | 1.72 | 14 | 1.53-2.10 | 1.81 | |||
| m3 | L | 11 | 1.42-1.83 | 1.54 | 11 | 1.80-2.35 | 2.12 | 5 | 1.91-2.20 | 2.11 | ||
| W | 9 | 1.07-1.45 | 1.23 | 11 | 1.55-1.90 | 1.71 | 5 | 1.42-1.83 | 1.62 | |||
Table 3 Measurements of cheek teeth of Gobiomys neimongolensis (mm)
| V28605.1-33 | V23903.1-44 | V12518.1-34 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li, | Wang, | |||||||||||
| n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | ||||
| M1 | L | 1 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 13 | 1.60-1.95 | 1.73 | 7 | 1.53-1.94 | 1.82 | ||
| W | 2 | 1.63-1.77 | 1.70 | 13 | 1.70-2.05 | 1.82 | 7 | 1.70-2.18 | 1.95 | |||
| M2 | L | 5 | 1.22-1.60 | 1.49 | 8 | 1.75-2.05 | 1.89 | 10 | 1.85-2.30 | 2.06 | ||
| W | 5 | 1.33-1.73 | 1.55 | 8 | 1.95-2.15 | 2.06 | 9 | 2.00-2.46 | 2.17 | |||
| M3 | L | 2 | 1.40-1.60 | 1.50 | 8 | 1.85-2.10 | 2.00 | 5 | 2.05-2.28 | 2.19 | ||
| W | 2 | 1.45-1.50 | 1.48 | 8 | 1.95-2.25 | 2.01 | 5 | 1.90-2.20 | 2.08 | |||
| P4 | L | 2 | 1.13-1.20 | 1.17 | 1 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 2 | 1.13-1.17 | 1.15 | ||
| W | 2 | 0.93-1.00 | 0.97 | 1 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| m1 | L | 7 | 1.22-1.40 | 1.30 | 7 | 1.50-1.75 | 1.65 | 7 | 1.50-1.90 | 1.74 | ||
| W | 7 | 1.00-1.20 | 1.11 | 7 | 1.34-1.45 | 1.40 | 7 | 1.30-1.63 | 1.47 | |||
| m2 | L | 4 | 1.53-1.87 | 1.71 | 7 | 1.80-2.00 | 1.91 | 12 | 1.80-2.45 | 2.04 | ||
| W | 4 | 1.30-1.62 | 1.52 | 7 | 1.65-1.75 | 1.72 | 14 | 1.53-2.10 | 1.81 | |||
| m3 | L | 11 | 1.42-1.83 | 1.54 | 11 | 1.80-2.35 | 2.12 | 5 | 1.91-2.20 | 2.11 | ||
| W | 9 | 1.07-1.45 | 1.23 | 11 | 1.55-1.90 | 1.71 | 5 | 1.42-1.83 | 1.62 | |||
Fig. 5 Cheek teeth of Gobiomys neimongolensis from Ula Usu, Erlian Basin A. IVPP V28605.3, left M2; B. V28605.10, left p4; C. V28605.12, left m1;D. V28605.21, right m2 (reversed); E. V28605.23, left m3
| V28606.1-36 | V23902.1-36 | V12521.1-7 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li, | Wang, | |||||||||||
| n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | ||||
| P4 | L | 1 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 5 | 0.05-0.85 | 0.74 | 3 | 0.67-0.8 | 0.72 | ||
| W | 1 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 5 | 0.65-1.2 | 1.02 | 3 | 0.92-1.10 | 0.99 | |||
| M1 | L | 6 | 1.06-1.20 | 1.12 | 13 | 0.85-1.45 | 1.15 | 4 | 1.00-1.60 | 1.08 | ||
| W | 6 | 1.10-1.20 | 1.14 | 13 | 0.95-1.45 | 1.20 | 4 | 1.0-1.20 | 1.08 | |||
| M2 | L | 2 | 1.16-1.18 | 1.17 | 13 | 1.05-1.50 | 1.30 | 5 | 1.20-1.38 | 1.29 | ||
| W | 2 | 1.24-1.30 | 1.27 | 13 | 1.10-1.70 | 1.42 | 5 | 1.20-1.40 | 1.33 | |||
| M3 | L | 13 | 1.15-1.40 | 1.25 | 7 | 1.05-1.45 | 1.24 | 3 | 1.22-1.50 | 1.34 | ||
| W | 13 | 1.21-1.36 | 1.28 | 7 | 1.00-1.50 | 1.24 | 3 | 1.23-1.53 | 1.35 | |||
| m1 | L | 5 | 1.15-1.24 | 1.19 | 6 | 1.05-1.45 | 1.21 | 1 | 1.27 | 1.27 | ||
| W | 5 | 1.00-1.10 | 1.04 | 6 | 0.90-1.15 | 1.03 | 1 | 1.20 | 1.20 | |||
| m2 | L | 5 | 1.20-1.30 | 1.26 | 7 | 1.10-1.55 | 1.32 | 1 | 1.34 | 1.34 | ||
| W | 5 | 1.08-1.20 | 1.15 | 7 | 1.10-1.40 | 1.24 | 1 | 1.22 | 1.22 | |||
| m3 | L | 3 | 1.30-1.44 | 1.36 | 5 | 1.20-1.65 | 1.40 | |||||
| W | 3 | 1.04-1.20 | 1.13 | 5 | 0.90-1.30 | 1.10 | ||||||
Table 4 Measurements of cheek teeth of Gobiomys exiguus (mm)
| V28606.1-36 | V23902.1-36 | V12521.1-7 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li, | Wang, | |||||||||||
| n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | ||||
| P4 | L | 1 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 5 | 0.05-0.85 | 0.74 | 3 | 0.67-0.8 | 0.72 | ||
| W | 1 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 5 | 0.65-1.2 | 1.02 | 3 | 0.92-1.10 | 0.99 | |||
| M1 | L | 6 | 1.06-1.20 | 1.12 | 13 | 0.85-1.45 | 1.15 | 4 | 1.00-1.60 | 1.08 | ||
| W | 6 | 1.10-1.20 | 1.14 | 13 | 0.95-1.45 | 1.20 | 4 | 1.0-1.20 | 1.08 | |||
| M2 | L | 2 | 1.16-1.18 | 1.17 | 13 | 1.05-1.50 | 1.30 | 5 | 1.20-1.38 | 1.29 | ||
| W | 2 | 1.24-1.30 | 1.27 | 13 | 1.10-1.70 | 1.42 | 5 | 1.20-1.40 | 1.33 | |||
| M3 | L | 13 | 1.15-1.40 | 1.25 | 7 | 1.05-1.45 | 1.24 | 3 | 1.22-1.50 | 1.34 | ||
| W | 13 | 1.21-1.36 | 1.28 | 7 | 1.00-1.50 | 1.24 | 3 | 1.23-1.53 | 1.35 | |||
| m1 | L | 5 | 1.15-1.24 | 1.19 | 6 | 1.05-1.45 | 1.21 | 1 | 1.27 | 1.27 | ||
| W | 5 | 1.00-1.10 | 1.04 | 6 | 0.90-1.15 | 1.03 | 1 | 1.20 | 1.20 | |||
| m2 | L | 5 | 1.20-1.30 | 1.26 | 7 | 1.10-1.55 | 1.32 | 1 | 1.34 | 1.34 | ||
| W | 5 | 1.08-1.20 | 1.15 | 7 | 1.10-1.40 | 1.24 | 1 | 1.22 | 1.22 | |||
| m3 | L | 3 | 1.30-1.44 | 1.36 | 5 | 1.20-1.65 | 1.40 | |||||
| W | 3 | 1.04-1.20 | 1.13 | 5 | 0.90-1.30 | 1.10 | ||||||
Fig. 6 Cheek teeth of Gobiomys exiguus from Ula Usu, Erlian Basin A. IVPP V28606.1, right P4 (reversed); B. V28606.5, right M1 (reversed); C. V28606.8, left M2;D. V28606.11, left M3; E. V28606.25, left m1; F. V28606.35, left m3
| V 28607.1-8 | V 12524.1-5 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang, | ||||||||
| n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | |||
| P4 | L | 1 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 1 | 0.95 | 0.95 | |
| W | 1 | 1.28 | 1.28 | 1 | 1.40 | 1.40 | ||
| M2 | L | 7 | 1.20-1.56 | 1.30 | 1 | 1.53 | 1.53 | |
| W | 7 | 1.20-1.58 | 1.37 | 1 | 1.77 | 1.77 | ||
Table 5 Measurements of the cheek teeth of Gobiomys asiaticus (mm)
| V 28607.1-8 | V 12524.1-5 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang, | ||||||||
| n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | |||
| P4 | L | 1 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 1 | 0.95 | 0.95 | |
| W | 1 | 1.28 | 1.28 | 1 | 1.40 | 1.40 | ||
| M2 | L | 7 | 1.20-1.56 | 1.30 | 1 | 1.53 | 1.53 | |
| W | 7 | 1.20-1.58 | 1.37 | 1 | 1.77 | 1.77 | ||
Fig. 7 Upper cheek teeth of Gobiomys asiaticus from Ula Usu, Erlian Basin A. IVPP V28607.1, right P4 (reversed); B. V28607.4, left M2
Fig. 8 Mandible and cheek teeth of Pappocricetodon rencunensis from Ula Usu, Erlian Basin A-C. IVPP V28610.1, the right mandible with m2-3 (reversed) in occlusal (A), lingual (B), and labial (C) views; D. V28610.2, left M1; E. V28610.11, left M2; F. V28610.19, right M3 (reversed); G. V28610.20, left m1; H. V28610.37, right m2 (reversed); I. V28610.42, left m3
| V28610.1-42 | V10288.1-378 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tong, | ||||||||
| n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | |||
| M1 | L | 8 | 1.35-1.62 | 1.46 | 62 | 1.30-1.65 | 1.47 | |
| W | 8 | 1.13-1.25 | 1.17 | 62 | 0.95-1.25 | 1.23 | ||
| M2 | L | 9 | 1.22-1.40 | 1.31 | 76 | 1.10-1.50 | 1.34 | |
| W | 8 | 1.04-1.27 | 1.18 | 74 | 1.00-1.33 | 1.20 | ||
| M3 | L | 1 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 56 | 0.95-1.25 | 1.10 | |
| W | 1 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 58 | 1.00-1.25 | 1.11 | ||
| m1 | L | 16 | 0.98-1.35 | 1.17 | 50 | 1.15-1.45 | 1.31 | |
| W | 14 | 0.71-1.02 | 0.87 | 51 | 0.85-1.10 | 0.97 | ||
| m2 | L | 3 | 1.24-1.33 | 1.29 | 53 | 1.20-1.57 | 1.41 | |
| W | 3 | 1.02-1.10 | 1.06 | 53 | 0.95-1.25 | 1.10 | ||
| m3 | L | 4 | 1.29-1.36 | 1.32 | 42 | 1.20-1.50 | 1.40 | |
| W | 4 | 1.00-1.15 | 1.07 | 41 | 0.95-1.20 | 1.10 | ||
Table 6 Measurements of molars of Pappocricetodon rencunensis (mm)
| V28610.1-42 | V10288.1-378 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tong, | ||||||||
| n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | |||
| M1 | L | 8 | 1.35-1.62 | 1.46 | 62 | 1.30-1.65 | 1.47 | |
| W | 8 | 1.13-1.25 | 1.17 | 62 | 0.95-1.25 | 1.23 | ||
| M2 | L | 9 | 1.22-1.40 | 1.31 | 76 | 1.10-1.50 | 1.34 | |
| W | 8 | 1.04-1.27 | 1.18 | 74 | 1.00-1.33 | 1.20 | ||
| M3 | L | 1 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 56 | 0.95-1.25 | 1.10 | |
| W | 1 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 58 | 1.00-1.25 | 1.11 | ||
| m1 | L | 16 | 0.98-1.35 | 1.17 | 50 | 1.15-1.45 | 1.31 | |
| W | 14 | 0.71-1.02 | 0.87 | 51 | 0.85-1.10 | 0.97 | ||
| m2 | L | 3 | 1.24-1.33 | 1.29 | 53 | 1.20-1.57 | 1.41 | |
| W | 3 | 1.02-1.10 | 1.06 | 53 | 0.95-1.25 | 1.10 | ||
| m3 | L | 4 | 1.29-1.36 | 1.32 | 42 | 1.20-1.50 | 1.40 | |
| W | 4 | 1.00-1.15 | 1.07 | 41 | 0.95-1.20 | 1.10 | ||
Fig. 9 Selected molars of Allosminthus uniconjugatus from Ula Usu, Erlian Basin A. IVPP V28611.5, right M1 (reversed); B. V28611.10, right M3 (reversed); C. V28611.12, left m1; D. V28611.15, left m2; E. V28611.35, right m3 (reversed)
| V28611.1-35 | V10298.1-17 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tong, | ||||||||
| n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | |||
| M1 | L | 6 | 0.93-1.07 | 1.01 | 2 | 1.13-1.20 | 1.17 | |
| W | 5 | 0.75-0.95 | 0.88 | 2 | 0.97-1.03 | 1.00 | ||
| M2 | L | 2 | 0.95-0.97 | 0.96 | 3 | 1.03-1.10 | 1.07 | |
| W | 2 | 0.80-0.87 | 0.84 | 3 | 0.95-1.00 | 0.97 | ||
| M3 | L | 2 | 0.85-0.87 | 0.86 | 2 | 0.83 | 0.83 | |
| W | 2 | 0.81-0.84 | 0.83 | 2 | 0.83-0.87 | 0.85 | ||
| m1 | L | 3 | 0.96-1.04 | 1.00 | 2 | 1.07-1.10 | 1.09 | |
| W | 3 | 0.78-0.84 | 0.80 | 2 | 0.84-0.87 | 0.86 | ||
| m2 | L | 18 | 1.02-1.20 | 1.13 | 3 | 1.03-1.10 | 1.07 | |
| W | 18 | 0.80-0.95 | 0.88 | 2 | 0.80-0.87 | 0.84 | ||
| m3 | L | 4 | 0.94-1.02 | 0.96 | 3 | 0.97-1.03 | 1.01 | |
| W | 4 | 0.75-0.87 | 0.80 | 3 | 0.88-0.90 | 0.89 | ||
Table 7 Measurements of molars of Allosminthus uniconjugatus (mm)
| V28611.1-35 | V10298.1-17 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tong, | ||||||||
| n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | |||
| M1 | L | 6 | 0.93-1.07 | 1.01 | 2 | 1.13-1.20 | 1.17 | |
| W | 5 | 0.75-0.95 | 0.88 | 2 | 0.97-1.03 | 1.00 | ||
| M2 | L | 2 | 0.95-0.97 | 0.96 | 3 | 1.03-1.10 | 1.07 | |
| W | 2 | 0.80-0.87 | 0.84 | 3 | 0.95-1.00 | 0.97 | ||
| M3 | L | 2 | 0.85-0.87 | 0.86 | 2 | 0.83 | 0.83 | |
| W | 2 | 0.81-0.84 | 0.83 | 2 | 0.83-0.87 | 0.85 | ||
| m1 | L | 3 | 0.96-1.04 | 1.00 | 2 | 1.07-1.10 | 1.09 | |
| W | 3 | 0.78-0.84 | 0.80 | 2 | 0.84-0.87 | 0.86 | ||
| m2 | L | 18 | 1.02-1.20 | 1.13 | 3 | 1.03-1.10 | 1.07 | |
| W | 18 | 0.80-0.95 | 0.88 | 2 | 0.80-0.87 | 0.84 | ||
| m3 | L | 4 | 0.94-1.02 | 0.96 | 3 | 0.97-1.03 | 1.01 | |
| W | 4 | 0.75-0.87 | 0.80 | 3 | 0.88-0.90 | 0.89 | ||
Fig. 10 Upper molars of Primisminthus shanghenus from Ula Usu, Erlian Basin A. IVPP V28612.1, left M1; B. V28612.10, left M2.
| V28612.1-17 | V10295.1-15 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tong, | ||||||||
| n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | |||
| M1 | L | 5 | 0.99-1.07 | 1.05 | 2 | 0.90-1.00 | 0.95 | |
| W | 5 | 0.86-0.98 | 0.93 | 2 | 0.75-0.90 | 0.83 | ||
| M2 | L | 12 | 0.91-1.18 | 1.06 | 7 | 0.95-1.00 | 0.97 | |
| W | 12 | 0.85-1.11 | 0.99 | 7 | 0.90-0.95 | 0.91 | ||
Table 8 Measurements of molars of Primisminthus shanghenus (mm)
| V28612.1-17 | V10295.1-15 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tong, | ||||||||
| n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | |||
| M1 | L | 5 | 0.99-1.07 | 1.05 | 2 | 0.90-1.00 | 0.95 | |
| W | 5 | 0.86-0.98 | 0.93 | 2 | 0.75-0.90 | 0.83 | ||
| M2 | L | 12 | 0.91-1.18 | 1.06 | 7 | 0.95-1.00 | 0.97 | |
| W | 12 | 0.85-1.11 | 0.99 | 7 | 0.90-0.95 | 0.91 | ||
Fig. 11 Cheek teeth of Hulgana cf. H. ertnia from Ula Usu, Erlian Basin A. IVPP V28609.1, right P4 (reversed); B. V28609.3, left M1; C. V28609.12, left M2; D. V28609.13, left M3;E. V28609.14, right dp4 (reversed); F. V28609.15, left p4; G. V28609.20, right m1 (reversed);H. V28609.21, right m2 (reversed); I. V28609.23, right m3 (reversed)
| Hulgana cf. H. ertnia | H. ertnia | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V28609.1-23 | AMNH 26085-26088 | |||||||
| Dawson, | ||||||||
| n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | |||
| P4 | L | 1 | 3.15 | 3.15 | 2 | 3.50-3.90 | 3.70 | |
| W | 1 | 3.85 | 3.85 | 2 | 4.60-4.80 | 4.70 | ||
| M1 | L | 7 | 3.40-3.70 | 3.53 | 2 | 4.10-4.40 | 4.25 | |
| W | 7 | 3.75-4.75 | 4.14 | 2 | 4.80 | 4.80 | ||
| M2 | L | 2 | 3.35-3.55 | 3.45 | 2 | 3.70-3.90 | 3.80 | |
| W | 1 | 4.45 | 4.45 | 2 | 5.00-5.20 | 5.10 | ||
| M3 | L | 1 | 3.40 | 3.40 | ||||
| W | 1 | 4.00 | 4.00 | |||||
| dp4 | L | 1 | 3.20 | 3.20 | ||||
| W | 1 | 2.60 | 2.60 | |||||
| p4 | L | 3 | 3.50-3.95 | 3.65 | 1 | 3.90 | 3.90 | |
| W | 4 | 3.00-3.40 | 3.18 | 1 | 3.90 | 3.90 | ||
| m1 | L | 1 | — | — | 2 | 3.70-4.20 | 3.95 | |
| W | 1 | — | — | 2 | 3.90-4.30 | 4.10 | ||
| m2 | L | 2 | 4.15-4.20 | 4.18 | 2 | 3.90-4.30 | 4.10 | |
| W | 2 | 3.75 | 3.75 | 2 | 4.10-4.40 | 4.25 | ||
| m3 | L | 1 | 4.20 | 4.20 | 1 | 4.80 | 4.80 | |
| W | 1 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 1 | 4.60 | 4.60 | ||
Table 9 Measurements of cheek teeth of Hulgana cf. H. ertnia and H. ertnia (mm)
| Hulgana cf. H. ertnia | H. ertnia | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V28609.1-23 | AMNH 26085-26088 | |||||||
| Dawson, | ||||||||
| n | Range | Mean | n | Range | Mean | |||
| P4 | L | 1 | 3.15 | 3.15 | 2 | 3.50-3.90 | 3.70 | |
| W | 1 | 3.85 | 3.85 | 2 | 4.60-4.80 | 4.70 | ||
| M1 | L | 7 | 3.40-3.70 | 3.53 | 2 | 4.10-4.40 | 4.25 | |
| W | 7 | 3.75-4.75 | 4.14 | 2 | 4.80 | 4.80 | ||
| M2 | L | 2 | 3.35-3.55 | 3.45 | 2 | 3.70-3.90 | 3.80 | |
| W | 1 | 4.45 | 4.45 | 2 | 5.00-5.20 | 5.10 | ||
| M3 | L | 1 | 3.40 | 3.40 | ||||
| W | 1 | 4.00 | 4.00 | |||||
| dp4 | L | 1 | 3.20 | 3.20 | ||||
| W | 1 | 2.60 | 2.60 | |||||
| p4 | L | 3 | 3.50-3.95 | 3.65 | 1 | 3.90 | 3.90 | |
| W | 4 | 3.00-3.40 | 3.18 | 1 | 3.90 | 3.90 | ||
| m1 | L | 1 | — | — | 2 | 3.70-4.20 | 3.95 | |
| W | 1 | — | — | 2 | 3.90-4.30 | 4.10 | ||
| m2 | L | 2 | 4.15-4.20 | 4.18 | 2 | 3.90-4.30 | 4.10 | |
| W | 2 | 3.75 | 3.75 | 2 | 4.10-4.40 | 4.25 | ||
| m3 | L | 1 | 4.20 | 4.20 | 1 | 4.80 | 4.80 | |
| W | 1 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 1 | 4.60 | 4.60 | ||
| Superfamily or family | Species | TNS | MNI | PES (%) | PEF (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ctenodactyloidea | Yuomys cavioides | 22 (A, 22) | 5 (A, 5) | 7.46% | 47.76% |
| Yuomys magnus | 15 (B, 15) | 5 (B, 5) | 7.46% | ||
| Gobiomys neimongolensis | 34 (A, 33; B, 1) | 8 (A, 7; B, 1) | 11.94% | ||
| Gobiomys exiguus | 48 (A, 36; B, 12) | 10 (A, 7; B, 3) | 14.93% | ||
| Gobiomys asiaticus | 8 (A, 8) | 4 (A, 4) | 5.97% | ||
| Ischyromyidae | Hulgana cf. H. ertnia | 23 (A, 23) | 5 (A, 5) | 7.46% | 7.46% |
| Cylindrodontidae | Proardynomys ulausuensis | 1 (A, 1) | 1 (A, 1) | 1.49% | 2.98% |
| Gobiocylindrodon sp. | 1 (B, 1) | 1 (B, 1) | 1.49% | ||
| Cricetidae | Pappocricetodon rencunensis | 42 (A, 42) | 10 (A, 10) | 14.93% | 14.93% |
| Dipodidae | Allosminthus uniconjugatus | 36 (A, 35; B, 1) | 11 (A, 10; B, 1) | 16.42% | 26.87% |
| Primisminthus shanghenus | 18 (A, 17; B, 1) | 7 (A, 6; B, 1) | 10.45% |
Table 10 Relative abundance of fossil rodents of the Sharamurunian rodent fauna in the Erlian Basin
| Superfamily or family | Species | TNS | MNI | PES (%) | PEF (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ctenodactyloidea | Yuomys cavioides | 22 (A, 22) | 5 (A, 5) | 7.46% | 47.76% |
| Yuomys magnus | 15 (B, 15) | 5 (B, 5) | 7.46% | ||
| Gobiomys neimongolensis | 34 (A, 33; B, 1) | 8 (A, 7; B, 1) | 11.94% | ||
| Gobiomys exiguus | 48 (A, 36; B, 12) | 10 (A, 7; B, 3) | 14.93% | ||
| Gobiomys asiaticus | 8 (A, 8) | 4 (A, 4) | 5.97% | ||
| Ischyromyidae | Hulgana cf. H. ertnia | 23 (A, 23) | 5 (A, 5) | 7.46% | 7.46% |
| Cylindrodontidae | Proardynomys ulausuensis | 1 (A, 1) | 1 (A, 1) | 1.49% | 2.98% |
| Gobiocylindrodon sp. | 1 (B, 1) | 1 (B, 1) | 1.49% | ||
| Cricetidae | Pappocricetodon rencunensis | 42 (A, 42) | 10 (A, 10) | 14.93% | 14.93% |
| Dipodidae | Allosminthus uniconjugatus | 36 (A, 35; B, 1) | 11 (A, 10; B, 1) | 16.42% | 26.87% |
| Primisminthus shanghenus | 18 (A, 17; B, 1) | 7 (A, 6; B, 1) | 10.45% |
Fig. 12 Percentage chart of the rodent assemblage compositions of the Ulangochuian (A), Sharamurunian (B), and Irdinmanhan (C) rodent faunas in the Erlian Basin, by minimum number of individuals The ctenodactyloids are represent by red, cricetids by green, ischyromyids by blue, dipodids by purple, and cylindrodontids by gray. The numbers on the horizontal axis are the minimum number of individuals and the numbers in brackets represent its percentage in the fauna
Fig. 13 The species richness per each family of the rodent faunas in the Erlian Basin from the Bumbanian to the Hsandagolian
Fig. 14 Stratigraphic distribution of rodent taxa in the Erlian Basin Considering that it involves multiple localities in the Erlian Basin, the figure can only represent the occurrences of a species in the ALMA, but do not give precisely the specific formation that yielded them Ctenodactyloidea is figured as a black square, Tsaganomyidae as a hollow square, Dipodidae as a black triangle, Myodont as a hollow triangle, Cricetidae as a black circle, Ischyromyidae as a hollow circle, Archetypomyidae as a black pentagon, Alagomyidae as a hollow pentagon, and Cylindrodontidae as a hollow star. ALMA. Asian Land Mammal Age
| Erlian Basin | Yuanqu Basin | |
|---|---|---|
| cf. Hulgana eoertnia | √ | |
| Hulgana cf. H. ertnia | √ | |
| cf. Hulgana. sp. | √ | |
| Protataromys mianchiensis | √ | |
| Yuomys cavioides | √ | √ |
| Yuomys magnus | √ | |
| Xueshimys dissectus | √ | |
| Gobiomys neimongolensis | √ | |
| Gobiomys asiaticus | √ | |
| Gobiomys exiguus | √ | |
| Anadianomys declivis | √ | |
| Zodiomys longmensis | √ | |
| Pappocricetodon rencunensis | √ | √ |
| Raricricetodon zhongtiaensis | √ | |
| Raricricetodon? mino | √ | |
| Primisminthus cf. P. jinus | √ | |
| Primisminthus shanghenus | √ | √ |
| cf. Sinosminthus sp. | √ | |
| Allosminthus uniconjugatus | √ | √ |
| Proardynomys ulausuensis | √ | |
| Gobiocylindrodon sp. | √ |
Table 11 Comparison of Sharamurunian rodent fossil assemblages from the Erlian Basin and the Yuanqu Basin
| Erlian Basin | Yuanqu Basin | |
|---|---|---|
| cf. Hulgana eoertnia | √ | |
| Hulgana cf. H. ertnia | √ | |
| cf. Hulgana. sp. | √ | |
| Protataromys mianchiensis | √ | |
| Yuomys cavioides | √ | √ |
| Yuomys magnus | √ | |
| Xueshimys dissectus | √ | |
| Gobiomys neimongolensis | √ | |
| Gobiomys asiaticus | √ | |
| Gobiomys exiguus | √ | |
| Anadianomys declivis | √ | |
| Zodiomys longmensis | √ | |
| Pappocricetodon rencunensis | √ | √ |
| Raricricetodon zhongtiaensis | √ | |
| Raricricetodon? mino | √ | |
| Primisminthus cf. P. jinus | √ | |
| Primisminthus shanghenus | √ | √ |
| cf. Sinosminthus sp. | √ | |
| Allosminthus uniconjugatus | √ | √ |
| Proardynomys ulausuensis | √ | |
| Gobiocylindrodon sp. | √ |
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