豪猪化石在临夏盆地的新发现

doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.200514

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来,在甘肃临夏盆地又发现了4件豪猪类的头骨化石,它们属于Hystrix的一新种,被命名为短吻豪猪(Hystrix brevirostra)。该种的主要特征是,个体大,头骨相对较低宽,吻部和齿隙较短,较短的鼻骨的后缘为向后凸的弧形,其后端约与泪骨相对。下颌骨的下齿隙较短,凹入较深。颊齿齿冠较H. gansuensis者稍低,较H. lufengensis者稍高。DP4的舌侧沟不与颊侧褶I相连,P4的舌侧沟伸向中脊,不与颊侧褶II相连。邓涛等(2011)曾将产于对康的一件豪猪头骨化石鉴定为H. gansuensis。现研究表明,他们描述的标本(HMV 2003)应属于不同于H. gansuensis的新种：H. brevirostra。将H. brevirostra (新种)的幼年的头骨与成年的头骨比较后发现,豪猪头骨的一些特征随着年龄的增长而有所变化：硬腭和鼻骨后缘的相对位置均随着年龄的增长而逐渐后移,两上颊齿列在幼年彼此稍向后靠近,但在成年则彼此平行等。关于百花村(LX 200205)和山城(LX 200041)两地点产豪猪化石层位的时代,根据共生的哺乳动物群分析,其时代为晚中新世晚期。产于我国新近纪的豪猪化石目前仅已知3种(H. gansuensis, H. lufengensis和H. brevirostra)。新种H. brevirostra可能比H. lufengensis稍进步,但较H. gansuensis稍原始。由于H. brevirostra的吻部较H. gansuensis和H. lufengensis者都短,它可能代表不同于该两种的另一进化支系。

关键词: 甘肃临夏盆地, 晚中新世柳树组, 早上新世何王家组, 豪猪科

Abstract:

Four well preserved skulls of Hystrix recently collected from Linxia Basin were studied and a new species, H. brevirostra sp. nov, was established for them. The new species is characterized by its larger size, relatively low and wide skull with short rostrum and diastema, slightly posteriorly convex posterior border of relatively short nasal roughly aligning with lacrimal, shorter and deeply curved mandibular diastema, and relatively low-crowned cheek teeth. It is intermediate between H. lufengensis and H. gansuensis in evolutionary level, existing in Late Miocene-Pliocene. While it might represent a lineage separated from the above two species. Ontogenetic variation in skull morphology and direction of cheek tooth rows of the new species was also discussed.

Key words: Linxia Basin, Gansu, Late Miocene, Liushu Formation, Early Pliocene, Hewangjia Formation, Hystricidae

中图分类号:

Q915.873

王伴月, 邱占祥. 豪猪化石在临夏盆地的新发现. 古脊椎动物学报, 2020, 58(3): 204-220.

WANG Ban-Yue, QIU Zhan-Xiang. New Hystrix (Hystricidae, Rodentia) from the Neogene of Linxia Basin, Gansu, China. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2020, 58(3): 204-220.

图/表 6

参考文献 31

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Parameter*	HMV 2002	HMV 2003	V 26033	HMV 2004
	(holotype)	(paratype)	(referred specimens)
	Left/Right	Left/Right	Left/Right	Left/Right
1. Condylobasal length (CBL)			138.4
2. Length of anterior part of skull (LAS)		50
3. Length of posterior part of skull (LPS)			83.7	104.4
4. Palatal length (PL)		71.2	81.4
5. Length of maxillary diastema (LMXD)	40.2	42.7	46.5	49
6. Length of palatal bridge (LPB)	45	48.2	55.5	59e
7. Anterior width of palatal bridge (AWPB)	13	11.3	15.3	13
8. Posterior width of palatal bridge (PWPB)	9	8.7	10	13
9. Length of incisive foramen (LIF)	5.5	4	4.4
10. Rostrum length (RL)		42.6	48e
11. Anterior width of rostrum (at anterior end of inf) (AWR)	35.5	30	36.2e	37
12. Anterior height of rostrum (at anterior end of inf) (AHR)		35
13. Posterior width of rostrum (PWR)	53	49
14. Posterior height of rostrum (PHR)	38.8	47.8
15. Height of middle part of skull (at anterior border of orbit) (HMS)	39.5	44.3
16. Nasal length (NL)		67+
17. Anterior width of nasals (AWN)	29.5e	29e
18. Posterior width of nasals (PWN)	37	36.6		40.4
19. Interorbital width (IOW)	60.9	62		71.2e
20. Zygomatic width (ZW)	72.5	73e	40×2**	86.4e
21. Width of cranial part at mastoid processes (WCM)			54
22. Length of auditory bulla (LAB)	17/17.5		18.7/18	17.3
23. Width of auditory bulla (WAB)	11.3/12		12.2/12.5	13.8
24. Distance between two auditory bullae (DAB)			19.5	21.8
25. Nuchal height (NH)			41.1	43
26. Height of foramen magnum (HFM)			13	13.5
27. Width of foramen magnum (WFM)			18	19.5
28. Mandibular length (MDL)	88.5/87.3	93.6
29. Height of condyloid process of mandible (HCPM)	31.5/30.3	36.3
30. Length of mandibular diastema (LMD)	24.3/25	25/22
31. Height of mandiblar diastema (HMD)	13.2/13	13.5/14.4
32. Height of horizontal ramus of mandible (HHR)	19.5/18.7	20/19
(12/11) (%)		117
(14/13) (%)	73.2	97.6
(15/20) (%)	54.5	61

Parameter*	HMV 2002	HMV 2003	V 26033	HMV 2004
	(holotype)	(paratype)	(referred specimens)
	Left/Right	Left/Right	Left/Right	Left/Right
1. Condylobasal length (CBL)			138.4
2. Length of anterior part of skull (LAS)		50
3. Length of posterior part of skull (LPS)			83.7	104.4
4. Palatal length (PL)		71.2	81.4
5. Length of maxillary diastema (LMXD)	40.2	42.7	46.5	49
6. Length of palatal bridge (LPB)	45	48.2	55.5	59e
7. Anterior width of palatal bridge (AWPB)	13	11.3	15.3	13
8. Posterior width of palatal bridge (PWPB)	9	8.7	10	13
9. Length of incisive foramen (LIF)	5.5	4	4.4
10. Rostrum length (RL)		42.6	48e
11. Anterior width of rostrum (at anterior end of inf) (AWR)	35.5	30	36.2e	37
12. Anterior height of rostrum (at anterior end of inf) (AHR)		35
13. Posterior width of rostrum (PWR)	53	49
14. Posterior height of rostrum (PHR)	38.8	47.8
15. Height of middle part of skull (at anterior border of orbit) (HMS)	39.5	44.3
16. Nasal length (NL)		67+
17. Anterior width of nasals (AWN)	29.5e	29e
18. Posterior width of nasals (PWN)	37	36.6		40.4
19. Interorbital width (IOW)	60.9	62		71.2e
20. Zygomatic width (ZW)	72.5	73e	40×2**	86.4e
21. Width of cranial part at mastoid processes (WCM)			54
22. Length of auditory bulla (LAB)	17/17.5		18.7/18	17.3
23. Width of auditory bulla (WAB)	11.3/12		12.2/12.5	13.8
24. Distance between two auditory bullae (DAB)			19.5	21.8
25. Nuchal height (NH)			41.1	43
26. Height of foramen magnum (HFM)			13	13.5
27. Width of foramen magnum (WFM)			18	19.5
28. Mandibular length (MDL)	88.5/87.3	93.6
29. Height of condyloid process of mandible (HCPM)	31.5/30.3	36.3
30. Length of mandibular diastema (LMD)	24.3/25	25/22
31. Height of mandiblar diastema (HMD)	13.2/13	13.5/14.4
32. Height of horizontal ramus of mandible (HHR)	19.5/18.7	20/19
(12/11) (%)		117
(14/13) (%)	73.2	97.6
(15/20) (%)	54.5	61

Parameter*		HMV 2002		HMV 2003		V 26033		HMV 2004
		(holotype)		(paratype)		(referred specimens)
		Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right
P4-M3	L							42.2	41.5
M1-3	L							29.4	29.2
P4 (DP4)	L	9	9	8.8	8.6	9.3	9.5	11.5	11.5
	Wc	7.5	7.5	8.2	8.2	8.1	8.3	10.5	11.2
	Wm	7.9	7.7	8.5	8.4			11.1	13
	Hps	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.5	5	5
	Hpb1	1.2	1.7			2.5
	Hpb2	1.5	1.8	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.2
	Hpb3	1.5	1.5	2.4	2.2	2	2
M1	L	9	9	9.4	9.3	9.5	10	9.5	9.6
	Wc	7.4	7.5	8	7.8	8.2	8.1	11.4	11.5
	Wm	8	8	9.3	9.2	9.1	9.2	12.3	12.5
M2	L	9	9	9	9	10.2	10.3	10.5	10.4
	Wc	7	6.5	7	7	7.2	7.6	11	10.6
	Wm	7.9	8	8.8	8.7	9.1	9.2	11.8	11.8
M3	L							9.6	9.7
	Wc							9	8.8
	Wm							10.4	10.5
I2	T	6.7	7	6.9	6.9	7.2	7	8.2	8.4
I2	W	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.9	5.8	6.2	6.4
dp4	L	10	10	9.5	9.5
	Wc	6.4	6.8	7	6.9
	Wm	7	7.5	7.2	7.2
	Hb	6.7	6	6.1	6.2
	Hpsd	5	5	4.1	4.2
	Hl	4.5	4.5	5.7	5.5
	Hpl3	4	3	4	4
m1	L	9.8	10	10	10
	Wc	7	7.3	7.8	7.3
	Wm	8	8.2	8.3	8.5
m2	L	9.9	10	10	10
	Wc	7.5	7.2	7.2	7
	Wm	8.8	8.6	8.9	9.3
	Hb	10.6
	Hpsd	4.4
	Hl	8.2
	Hpl2	6
	Hpl3	6
	(Hb/L) (%)	107
i2	T	6	5.9	6.1	6.4
i2	W	5.4	5.3	5.2	5.3

Parameter*		HMV 2002		HMV 2003		V 26033		HMV 2004
		(holotype)		(paratype)		(referred specimens)
		Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right
P4-M3	L							42.2	41.5
M1-3	L							29.4	29.2
P4 (DP4)	L	9	9	8.8	8.6	9.3	9.5	11.5	11.5
	Wc	7.5	7.5	8.2	8.2	8.1	8.3	10.5	11.2
	Wm	7.9	7.7	8.5	8.4			11.1	13
	Hps	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.5	5	5
	Hpb1	1.2	1.7			2.5
	Hpb2	1.5	1.8	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.2
	Hpb3	1.5	1.5	2.4	2.2	2	2
M1	L	9	9	9.4	9.3	9.5	10	9.5	9.6
	Wc	7.4	7.5	8	7.8	8.2	8.1	11.4	11.5
	Wm	8	8	9.3	9.2	9.1	9.2	12.3	12.5
M2	L	9	9	9	9	10.2	10.3	10.5	10.4
	Wc	7	6.5	7	7	7.2	7.6	11	10.6
	Wm	7.9	8	8.8	8.7	9.1	9.2	11.8	11.8
M3	L							9.6	9.7
	Wc							9	8.8
	Wm							10.4	10.5
I2	T	6.7	7	6.9	6.9	7.2	7	8.2	8.4
I2	W	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.9	5.8	6.2	6.4
dp4	L	10	10	9.5	9.5
	Wc	6.4	6.8	7	6.9
	Wm	7	7.5	7.2	7.2
	Hb	6.7	6	6.1	6.2
	Hpsd	5	5	4.1	4.2
	Hl	4.5	4.5	5.7	5.5
	Hpl3	4	3	4	4
m1	L	9.8	10	10	10
	Wc	7	7.3	7.8	7.3
	Wm	8	8.2	8.3	8.5
m2	L	9.9	10	10	10
	Wc	7.5	7.2	7.2	7
	Wm	8.8	8.6	8.9	9.3
	Hb	10.6
	Hpsd	4.4
	Hl	8.2
	Hpl2	6
	Hpl3	6
	(Hb/L) (%)	107
i2	T	6	5.9	6.1	6.4
i2	W	5.4	5.3	5.2	5.3