江西志留纪山口中华盔甲鱼的再描述

doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.191105

古脊椎动物学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (2): 85-99.DOI: 10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.191105

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江西志留纪山口中华盔甲鱼的再描述

盖志琨¹^,²^,³, 山显任¹^,⁴, 孙智新⁴, 赵文金¹^,²^,³, 潘照晖¹^,³, 朱敏¹^,²^,³^,^*()

1 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室北京 100044
2 中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心北京 100044
3 中国科学院大学北京 100049
4 山东科技大学地球科学与工程学院青岛 266590

收稿日期:2019-09-06 出版日期:2020-04-20 发布日期:2020-04-20
基金资助:
中国科学院前沿科学重点研究计划(QYZDB-SSW-DQC040);中国科学院前沿科学重点研究计划(QYZDJ-SSW-DQC002);国家自然科学基金(41572018);国家自然科学基金(41530102);国家自然科学基金(41972006);国家高层次人才特殊支持计划(万人计划);中国科学院战略性科技先导专项(XDB26000000);现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室(中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所);“中国科学院大学生创新实践训练计划”项目资助

A redescription of the Silurian Sinogaleaspis shankouensis (Galeaspida, stem-Gnathostomata) from Jiangxi, China

GAI Zhi-Kun¹^,²^,³, SHAN Xian-Ren¹^,⁴, SUN Zhi-Xin⁴, ZHAO Wen-Jin¹^,²^,³, PAN Zhao-Hui¹^,³, ZHU Min¹^,²^,³^,^*()

1 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044
2 CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment Beijing 100044
3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049
4 College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266590

Received:2019-09-06 Published:2020-04-20 Online:2020-04-20
Contact: *zhumin@ivpp.ac.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于对江西省修水县志留系西坑组发现的11个新标本的观察,对存在争议的山口中华盔甲鱼(Sinogaleaspis shankouensis)进行了重新描述。深入的形态学研究表明,山口中华盔甲鱼的侧线感觉管系统展示出基干盔甲鱼类、真盔甲鱼目、多鳃鱼目和华南鱼目等多个类群的镶嵌特征。山口中华盔甲鱼的侧线感觉管系统由4条纵行干管和6条横向联络管相互交叉在头甲背面形成格栅状分布,可能反映了脊椎动物的祖先状态。山口中华盔甲鱼在动物群上属于中华盔甲鱼-修水鱼组合或茅山组合,该组合可能代表了盔甲鱼类在志留纪兰多维列世特里奇期的第一次适应辐射。江西修水西坑组古沉积环境指示了一种低盐度半咸水的近海环境,可能是由于大量淡水从附近河流涌入导致盐度降低,而含鱼层位灰绿色泥质粉砂岩中含有的大量泥砾则指示鱼化石经历了短距离的河流搬运。因此,该生物群可能生活在埋藏区域上游的淡水河流里。

关键词: 江西修水, 志留纪, 真盔甲鱼目, 中华盔甲鱼, 侧线感觉管系统

Abstract:

Sinogaleaspis shankouensis is redescribed based on 11 new specimens collected from the type locality of the Xikeng Formation in Xiushui county, Jiangxi Province. The in-depth morphological study indicates that the sensory canal system of S. shankouensis exhibits a mélange of characters of plesiomorphic galeaspid taxa, Eugaleaspiformes, Polybranchiaspiformes and Huananaspiformes. The grid distribution of the sensory canal system on the dorsal side of the head-shield, which comprises four longitudinal canals intercrossed with six pairs of transverse canals in S. shankouensis, probably represents a plesiomorphic condition of vertebrates. Sinogaleaspis shankouensis belongs to the Sinogaleaspis-Xiushuiaspis Fauna or the Maoshan Assemblage which represents the first diversification of galeaspids in the Telychian, Llandovery of the Silurian period. The sedimentary paleoenvironment of the Xikeng Formation in Xiushui, Jiangxi Province is suggestive of a brackish water environment, whereas a large sum of muddy gravels in fish-bearing sandstone beds point to a short distance of potamic transportation. This indicates that the Sinogaleaspis-Xiushuiaspis Fauna may live in a fresh water environment in the river rather than their burial area in the sea.

Key words: Xiushui, Jiangxi, Silurian, eugaleaspids, Sinogaleaspis, sensory canal system

中图分类号:

Q915.861

盖志琨, 山显任, 孙智新, 赵文金, 潘照晖, 朱敏. 江西志留纪山口中华盔甲鱼的再描述. 古脊椎动物学报, 2020, 58(2): 85-99.

GAI Zhi-Kun, SHAN Xian-Ren, SUN Zhi-Xin, ZHAO Wen-Jin, PAN Zhao-Hui, ZHU Min. A redescription of the Silurian Sinogaleaspis shankouensis (Galeaspida, stem-Gnathostomata) from Jiangxi, China. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2020, 58(2): 85-99.

图/表 9

Fig. 1 Geological backround of Sinogaleaspis shankouensis A. location map of the fossil site in Xiushui, Jiangxi, South ChinaB. stratigraphical section of the Xikeng Formation at the type localityC. cross section of the fish layer showing a large sum of muddy gravels in grey-green pelitic siltstone

Fig. 2 Photographs (A, C) and interpretative drawings (B, D) of Sinogaleaspis shankouensis A, B. IVPP V 25135.10; C, D. IVPP V 25135.6 Abbreviations: a. the first lateral transverse canal or median transverse canal issuing from infraorbital canal; 1-4. the first to fourth lateral transverse canal or median transverse canal issuing from lateral dorsal canal; cc. central canal; cp. cornual process; ic. inner cornual process; ifc. infraorbital canal; ldc. lateral dorsal canal; ltc. lateral transverse canal; mdc. median dorsal canal; md.o. median dorsal opening; mtc. median transverse canal; orb. orbital opening; pi. pineal opening; poc. preorbital commissure; soc2. posterior supraorbital canal

Fig. 3 Photographs of Sinogaleaspis shankouensis from the Silurian of Xiushui showing the morphology of the head-shield A, B. external (A) and internal (B) moulds of a nearly complete head-shield, IVPP V 25135.1a, b; C. internal mould of an incomplete head-shield, V 25135.3; D. internal mould of an incomplete head-shield, V 25135.7b; E. internal mould of an incomplete head-shield, V 25135.11; F. close-up of granular tubercles (box region of Fig. 3E). soc1. anterior supraorbital canal; other abbreviations see Fig. 2. Scale bars=2 mm

Fig. 4 Photographs of Sinogaleaspis shankouensis from the Silurian of Xiushui showing the sensory canal system A. an incomplete external mould of the head-shield IVPP V 25135.4a; B. a complete external mould of the head-shield V 25135.9a; C. an incomplete internal mould of the head-shield V 25135.8; D. an incomplete internal mould of the head-shield V 25135.5; E. an incomplete external mould of the head-shield V 25135.7b; F. an incomplete external mould of the head-shield V 25135.2b. Abbreviations see Figs. 2, 3. Scale bars=2 mm

Fig. 5 Interpretative and synthetic drawings of the sensory canal system of Sinogaleaspis shankouensis A-F. interpretative drawings for Fig. 4; G, H. interpretative drawings for Fig. 3B, C; I. synthetic restoration Abbreviations: b. the second lateral transverse canal issuing from infraorbital canal; other abbreviations see Figs. 2, 3; scale bars=2 mm

Fig. 6 Restoration of Sinogaleaspis shankouensis A. dorsal view; B. anterior-lateral view

Table 1 Measurements of Sinogaleaspis shankouensis (mm)

Items	Holotype	IVPP V 25135
Items	GMC V 1751	.1	.2	.3	.4	.5	.6	.7	.8	.9	.10
Maximum length of the head-shield	17.1	16.9	15.9	17.2	17.3	18.4	17.4	-	-	17.9	15.5
Maximum width of the head-shield	-	20.4	20.8	20.6	19.3	17.8	20.3	-	20.6	19.7	17.2
Length of the head-shield in midline	11.5	9.6	10.6	12.7	10.8	-	10.8	-	10.7	10.6	9.7
Diameter of the orbital opening	2.1	2.1	1.9	2.0	1.8	2.0	1.6	2.1	2.2	1.9	1.5
Distance between the orbital openings	4.0	4.3	4.3	4.6	-	4.6	4.5	4.0	4.4	4.5	3.7
Long axis of the median dorsal opening	4.2	3.8	4.0	3.8	-	4.0	3.7	4.0	4.3	3.8	-
Short axis of the median dorsal opening	0.6	0.7	0.9	0.9	-	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.1	-
Length of the pre-pineal region in midline	6.2	5.4	5.7	6.6	-	6.7	5.8	6.4	5.4	5.6	-
Length of the post-pineal region in midline	5.3	4.2	4.9	6.1	-	-	5.0	-	5.3	5.0	-

Fig.7 The sensory canal systems of galeaspids in different groups A-C. plesiomorphic taxa: A. Dayongaspis hunanensis (Pan and Zeng, 1985), B. Hanyangaspis guodingshanensis (P’an et al., 1975; Pan, 1986b), C. Changxingaspis gui (Wang, 1991); D-F. Eugaleaspiformes: D. Shuyu zhejiangensis (Gai et al., 2011), E. Eugaleaspis xujiachongensis (Liu, 1965), F. E. changi (Liu, 1975); G, H. Polybranchiaspiformes: G. Polybranchiaspis liaojiaoshanensis (Liu, 1975), H. Laxaspis qujingensis (Liu, 1975); I. Huananaspiformes: Sanchaspis magalarostrata (Pan and Wang, 1981)Abbreviations: 1-6. the first to sixth lateral transverse canal or median transverse canal issuing from lateral dorsal canal; a-c. the first to third lateral transverse canal issuing from the infraorbital canal; dcm. dorsal commissure corresponding to the second median transverse canal; v.mdc. vestige of median dorsal canal; other abbreviations see Figs. 2, 3

Fig. 8 Time-callibrated cladogram of the EugaleaspiformesEugaleaspiformes experienced two diversifications in Silurian and Devonian (Solid columns represent known time ranges, thin lines represent ‘ghost lineages’) (modified from Zhu et al., 2012; Gai et al., 2018)

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江西志留纪山口中华盔甲鱼的再描述

A redescription of the Silurian Sinogaleaspis shankouensis (Galeaspida, stem-Gnathostomata) from Jiangxi, China

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