陕西府谷晚中新世巨鬣狗(Dinocrocuta gigantea)(食肉目：鬣狗科)颅基部形态研究

doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.190710

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

巨鬣狗(Dinocrocuta gigantea)之前曾因其特殊的乳齿特征而被排除于鬣狗科之外,而归入单独的中鬣狗科(Percrocutidae)。对一产自陕西府谷的巨鬣狗头骨后部进行了扫描和内部结构重建,详细描述了颅基部内外形态,并与其他猫形类进行了对比。巨鬣狗在颅基部显示出了鬣狗科的典型模式,支持将其置于鬣狗科之内的传统观点,而中鬣狗科的有效性则值得怀疑。巨鬣狗的颅基部还具有很多独特特征,暗示其可能是鬣狗科的一个早期旁支。

关键词: 陕西府谷, 晚中新世, 鬣狗科, 巨鬣狗, 颅基部

Abstract:

Dinocrocuta gigantea was once moved out of the Hyaenidae based on its peculiar deciduous teeth and placed in a separate family - the Percrocutidae. A D. gigantea skull from Fugu, Shaanxi Province is scanned with the internal structures of its bulla reconstructed, described in detail, and compared with other feliforms. The basicranium of D. gigantea shows a typical hyaenid pattern, which supports the traditional view that it should remain within the Hyaenidae and questions the validity of the Percrocutidae. The basicranium of D. gigantea also possesses a number of unique features, suggesting that it could be an early side-branch of the Hyaenidae.

Key words: Fugu,Shaanxi, Late Miocene, Hyaenidae, Dinocrocuta gigantea, basicranium

中图分类号:

Q915.874

熊武阳. 陕西府谷晚中新世巨鬣狗(Dinocrocuta gigantea)(食肉目：鬣狗科)颅基部形态研究. 古脊椎动物学报, 2019, 57(4): 274-307.

XIONG Wu-Yang. Basicranial morphology of Late Miocene Dinocrocuta gigantea (Carnivora: Hyaenidae) from Fugu, Shaanxi. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2019, 57(4): 274-307.

图/表 10

Fig. 1 Photograph of Dinocrocuta gigantea (IVPP V 15649) in lateral (A) and ventral (B) views from Fugu County, Shaanxi Province

Fig. 2 Photograph of the basicranium of Dinocrocuta gigantea (IVPP V 15649)

Fig. 3 Coronal section of feliform basicrania across cochlea A. Dinocrocuta gigantea IVPP V 15649; B. Crocuta crocuta OV 232; C. Ichneumia albicauda OV 243;D. subadult Panthera tigris OV 40; E. juvenile Paguma larvata OV 635Arrows show the locations of inferior petrosal sinus sulcus. Scale bars = 1 cm

Fig. 4 Photograph of the left auditory region of Dinocrocuta gigantea (IVPP V 15649), stereopairs

Fig. 5 Photograph of the lateral osseous external acoustic meatus and the mastoid process A. Dinocrocuta gigantea IVPP V 15649 (right side);B. Canis familiaris OV 497 (left side)Abbreviations: a1. anteron 1 of the annular cartilage;clr. curvilinear recess; fsd. foramen stylomastoideum definitivum; mc. mastoid crest (vertical branch); mco. the oblique branch of the mastoid crest; mcv. the vertical branch of the mastoid crest; mn. meatal notch;p1. posteron 1 of the annular cartilage; pp. proximal process of the annular cartilage; smc. suprameatal crestOther abbreviations see Fig. 2. Scale bars = 1 cm

Fig. 6 Photograph of the right bulla of Dinocrocuta gigantea (IVPP V 15649) in oblique ventral view showing structures around the medial and lateral osseous external acoustic meatus Abbreviations: ct. crista tympanica; pcl. lateral parameatal crest; pcm. medial parameatal crest;rdg. the ridge raised along the caudal end of the borderline between the lateral coarse part and the medial smooth part on the surface of bulla; sep. anterior margin of the septum that abuts the promontorium in front; th. exit for the tympanohyal in the hyoid fossa. Other abbreviations see Figs. 2, 5. Not scaled

Fig. 7 Partial cranium of Dinocrocuta gigantea (IVPP V 15649) with reconstructed left bulla chambers semitransparently shown in lateral (A), ventral (B), and posterior (C) views The anterior chamber is in green, the posterior chamber is in orange. Scale bars = 2 cm

Fig. 8 Reconstructed internal structures in the left bulla of Dinocrocuta gigantea (IVPP V 15649) in dorsal (A) and anterolateral (B) views The anterior chamber is in light green; the posterior chamber is in orange; the presumed hiatus for the lesser petrosal nerve is in purple; the canal for the rostral tympanic artery is in cyan; the mastoid canaliculus is in redAbbreviations: adr. the small recess anterodorsal to the tympanic membrane; amr. the anteromedial recess dorsal to the “flat”; bpa. invasion of the boot-like process of bulla from the anterior chamber; bpp. invasion of the boot-like process of bulla from the posterior chamber; eam. space of external acoustic meatus (truncated); er. epitympanic recess; fsc. the rounded fossa presumably inserted by Spence’s cartilage; lmc. lateral mastoid cavity of the posterior chamber; mec. medial cavity of the posterior chamber; mic. middle constriction of the posterior chamber; mtc. musculotubal canal; sf. stapedius fossa; ttf. tensor tympani fossaOther abbreviations see Fig. 6. Not scaled

Fig. 9 Coronal section of left auditory region across the external acoustic meatus at the anterior part of the epitympanic recess A. Dinocrocuta gigantea IVPP V 15649;B. Proteles cristatus IVPP OV 197Abbreviations: coc. cochlea; erm. medial depression in the epitympanic recess roofed by the tegmen tympani; hif. hiatus Fallopii at its proximal end from cavum supracochleare; hts. hypotympanic sinus in the anterior chamber; ips. inferior petrosal sinus sulcus; mtu. meatal tubercle; rtp. rostral tympanic process of petrosal;ttl. lateral end of tegmen tympani pressing into the squamosal. Other abbreviations see Figs. 6, 8Scale bars = 1 cm

Fig. 10 Axial section of left auditory region slightly dorsal to the external acoustic meatus A. Dinocrocuta gigantea IVPP V 15649; B. Crocuta crocuta IVPP OV 232, anterior to top, lateral to rightAbbreviations: cc. cochlear canaliculus; cca. condyloid canal at its posteroventral end; ci. crista interfenestralis; cof. cochlear fossula; fc. the third part of the facial canal near the foramen stylomastoideum primitivum;mc1. mastoid canaliculus at its segment dorsal to the middle constriced part of the posterior chamber;mc2. mastoid canaliculus at its distal end before joining the facial canal;ret. rostral entotympanic near its dorsal apex. Other abbreviations see Figs. 8, 9. Scale bars = 1 cm

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