Early Miocene micromammal fossils from Gucheng in Linxia, Gansu, China

doi:10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.250417

Abstract

Abstract:

The micromammal fossils collected from the Shangzhuang Formation of the Linxia Basin, Gansu, are described here. The assemblage consists of 16 species of 13 genera belonging to 7 families, including one new species and one taxon previously unknown from China. Among them 5 genera are Oligocene holdovers and 11 genera/species are known to make their first appearances in Early Miocene, indicating an Early Miocene age for the Gucheng Fauna. The absence of Oligocene survivors such as Tataromys, Yindirtemys, Eucricetodon and Tachyoryctoides, which usually occur in the Xiejian age of Early Miocene, and the presence of newcomers Protalactaga, Megacricetodon and Gobicricetodon, that made their first appearance only in the Shanwangian age of late Early Miocene, suggest that the Gucheng Fauna is of a later age of Early Miocene. The new species, Sinolagomys guchengensis, showing more derived morphology than in S. ulunguensis, seems to support an assessment of the fauna in Shanwangian age. Thus, the Gucheng Fauna may belong to late Early Miocene Shanwangian, partially equivalent to MN 3/4 of the European land mammal zonation. Ecological analysis of the fauna indicates that the palaeoecological condition of the Gucheng area might still be a predominantly arid shrub-steppe in late Early Miocene.

Key words: Gucheng, Linxia, Gansu, late Early Miocene, Shangzhuang Formation, micromammal fossils

摘要：

记述了中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所一野外队于2000年在甘肃临夏盆地广河县阿里麻土乡古城附近IVPP LX 200051地点的上庄组中采集的小哺乳动物化石，计3目7科13属，这一地点被称为古城动物群。其中11个属/种都已知最早出现在早中新世，表明该动物群的时代为早中新世。中国的早中新世已知被分为谢家和山旺早、晚两个期。古城动物群中缺少在谢家动物群中存在的Tataromys, Yindirtemys, Eucricetodon和Tachyoryctoides等古老种类，表明古城动物群比谢家动物群要晚。与此同时，在古城动物群中还存在Protalactaga, Megacricetodon和Gobicricetodon等最早都只在早中新世晚期出现的属，而且新种Sinolagomys guchengensis的形态也显示了其为早中新世较晚期的时代特征。这样，古城动物群的时代很可能为早中新世晚期，属山旺期，与欧洲陆生的MN 3/4带相当。古生态研究表明，古城地区在早中新世时仍以相当干燥的灌木-干旷草原环境为主要特征。

关键词: 甘肃临夏古城, 早中新世晚期, 上庄组, 小哺乳动物化石

CLC Number:

Q915.873

WANG Ban-Yue, QIU Zhu-Ding, LI Lu. Early Miocene micromammal fossils from Gucheng in Linxia, Gansu, China. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2025, 63(2): 102-132.

王伴月, 邱铸鼎, 李录. 2025, 63(2): 102-132, 甘肃临夏盆地广河县古城的早中新世小哺乳动物化石. 古脊椎动物学报.

Figures/Tables 21

Fig. 1 Map showing the locality yielding micromammal fossils from the Shangzhuang Fm. in the Sigou gully of Guanghe County, Gansu Province M. Malan Loess; Sh. Shangzhuang Fm.

Fig. 2 Teeth of Amphechinus cf. A. minutissimus from Gucheng A. right I3 (IVPP V32986.2, reverse); B. left C (V32986.4); C. right P2 (V32986.7, reverse); D. right P3 (V32986.8, reverse); E. right P4 (V32986.16, reverse); F. right M1 (V32986.34, reverse); G. left M2 (V32986.52); H. left M3 (V32986.92); I. right i3 (V32986.95, reverse); J. right c (V32986.97, reverse); K. right p4 (V32986.110. reverse); L. right m1 (V32986. 127, reverse); M. right m2 (V32986.162, reverse); N. left m3 (V32986.184) A‒C, Kb‒Nb. lateral views; D‒J, Ka‒Na. occlusal views. Scale bar = 1 mm

Table 1 Measurements of teeth of Amphechinus cf. A. minutissimus from Gucheng, Linxia basin (mm)

Tooth	Length			Width
Tooth	N	Range	Average	N	Range	Average
I3	2	0.65	0.65	2	0.35‒0.40	0.38
C	3	0.60‒0.65	0.63	4	0.30‒0.40	0.36
P2	1	0.75	0.75	1	0.40	0.40
P3	3	0.90‒1.00	0.97	3	0.70‒0.80	0.77
P4	4	1.35‒1.65	1.50	1	1.35	1.35
M1	10	1.40‒1.70	1.51	10	1.50‒1.70	1.63
M2	28	0.90‒1.40	1.12	27	1.35‒1.85	1.47
M3	3	0.45‒0.55	0.50	3	1.10‒1.15	1.12
i3	2	1.00‒1.10	1.05	2	0.55‒0.70	0.63
c	5	1.00‒1.10	1.07	5	0.50‒0.60	0.54
p4	9	1.00‒1.15	1.10	12	0.65‒0.80	0.72
dp4	1	1.20	1.20	1	0.90	0.90
m1	9	1.60‒1.70	1.65	18	1.05‒1.25	1.13
m2	16	1.15‒1.45	1.25	28	0.70‒1.05	0.85
m3	5	0.55‒0.65	0.59	5	0.40‒0.50	0.47

Fig. 3 Teeth of “Mioechinus” cf. “M.” gobiensis from Gucheng A. left I3 (IVPP V32987.2); B. right P2 (V32987.3, reverse); C. left P3 (V32987.5); D. right M1 (V32987.13, reverse); E. right M2 (V32987.18, reverse); F. right i3 (V32987.24, reverse); G. left c (V32987.25); H. right p2 (V32987.35, reverse); I. right p4 (V32987.40, reverse); J. left mandibular fragment with m1 (V32987.41); K. left m2 (V32987.53); L. left m3 (V32987.66) A‒B, Ib‒Lb. lateral views; C‒H, Ia‒La. occlusal views. Scale bar = 1 mm

Table 2 Measurements of teeth of “Mioechinus” cf. “M.” gobiensis from Gucheng (mm)

Tooth	Length			Width
Tooth	N	Range	Average	N	Range	Average
I3	1	0.75	0.75	1	0.50	0.50
P2	1	1.25	1.25	1	0.50	0.50
P3	1	1.25	1.30	1	1.00	1.00
M1	1	1.85	1.85	1	2.20	2.20
M2	2	1.20‒1.55	1.38	3	1.85‒2.10	1.95
i3	1	1.30	1.30	1	0.75	0.75
c	4	1.30‒1.40	1.36	4	0.65‒0.75	0.69
p2	7	1.05‒1.20	1.11	7	0.55‒0.70	0.63
p4	3	1.45‒1.60	1.53	3	0.90‒1.00	0.95
dp4	1	1.50	1.50	0	‒	‒
m1	1	2.15	2.15	7	1.30‒1.50	1.44
m2	2	1.70‒180	1.85	11	0.95‒1.30	1.14
m3	8	0.75‒0.85	0.79	8	0.60‒0.75	0.67

Fig. 4 Cheek teeth of Erinaceinae gen.et sp. indet. from Gucheng A. right M1 (IVPP V32988.3, reverse); B. left p4 (V32988.5); A, Ba. occlusal views; Bb. lateral view Scale bar = 1 mm

Fig. 5 Fragmentary skull, mandible and cheek teeth of Sinolagomys guchengensis from Gucheng A, B. damaged skull with right P3‒M2 (IVPP V32989.1, holotype; B. reverse); C, D. left mandibular fragment with p4‒m2 (V32989.2, paratype); E. left P2 (V32989.4);F. left DP3 (V32989.6); G. right DP3 (V32989.8, reverse); H. right DP4 (V32989.9, reverse);I. left P3 (V32989.10); J. right P4/M1 (V32989.42, reverse); K. right M2 (V32989.63, reverse);L. right dp3 (V32989.64, reverse); M. left p3 (V32989.66);N. right p3 (V32989.70, reverse); O. left p4/m1/m2 (V32989.72) A. dorsal view; C. buccal view; others. occlusal views Scale bars, for A, C = 8 mm; for B, D = 4 mm; for E‒O = 1 mm

Table 3 Measurements of cheek teeth of Sinolagomys guchengensis from Gucheng (mm)

Tooth	Length			Width
Tooth	N	Range	Average	N	Range	Average
P3‒M2	1		8.10
P4‒M2	1		5.80
M1‒M2	1		3.80
P2	2	0.60‒0.70	0.65	2	0.90‒1.20	1.05
DP3	3	0.70	0.70	3	1.00‒1.40	1.20
P3	20	1.20‒1.70	1.48	20	2.00‒2.90	2.40
DP4	1		1.20	1		1.90
P4/M1	28	1.00‒1.90	1.56	27	2.00‒3.30	2.67
M2	9	1.20‒1.60	1.44	9	2.00‒2.80	2.48
p3	7	1.00‒1.10	1.03	7	1.40‒1.60	1.50
p4/m1/2	7	1.50‒2.20	1.97	7 tr. W	1.50‒2.10	1.91
p4/m1/2	7	1.50‒2.20	1.97	6 ta. W	2.00‒2.20	2.12

Fig. 6 Cheek teeth of Atlantoxerus orientalis from Gucheng in occlusal views A. right P4 (IVPP V31322.1, reverse); B. right M1/2 (V31322.3, reverse); C. right M1/2 (V31322.4, reverse); D. right m1/2 (V31322.7, reverse); E. left m1/2 (V31322.5); F. right m1/2 (V31322.8, reverse);G. right m1/2 (V31322.9, reverse). Scale bar = 1 mm

Fig. 7 Molars of Parasminthus sp. from Gucheng in occlusal views A. right M2 (IVPP V32990.1, reverse); B. right M3 (V32990.2, reverse), C. right m1 (V32990.3, reverse), D. right m3 (V32990.4, reverse). scale bar = 1 mm

Fig. 8 Molars of Litodonomys minimus from Gucheng in occlusal views A. left M1 (IVPP V32991.1); B. left M1 (V32991.10); C. right M1 (V32991.60); D. right M1 (V32991.89);E. left M2 (V32991.119); F. right M2 (V32991.132); G. left M3 (V32991.173); H. right M3 (V32991.198);I. left m1 (V32991.214); J. right m1 (V32991.260); K. left m2 (V32991.315); L. right m2 (V32991.333);M. left m3 (V32991.385); N. right m3 (V32991.404). Scale bar = 1 mm

Table 4 Measurements of cheek teeth of Litodonomys minimus from Gucheng (mm)

Tooth	Length			Width
Tooth	N	Range	Average	N	Range	Average
M1	30	1.06‒1.25	1.18	30	0.95‒1.10	0.99
M2	30	0.95‒1.20	1.05	30	0.85‒1.05	0.96
M3	22	0.55‒0.66	0.60	22	0.60‒0.75	0.70
m1	30	1.03‒1.25	1.14	30	0.72‒0.85	0.80
m2	30	0.98‒1.15	1.08	30	0.84‒1.10	0.91
m3	22	0.67‒0.75	0.71	22	0.67‒0.75	0.72

Fig. 9 Molars of Litodonomys zayssanensis from Gucheng in occlusal views A. left M1 (IVPP V32992.1); B. right M1 (V32992.7, reverse); C. left M2 (V32992.10);D. right M2 (V32992.16, reverse); E. left M3 (V32992.20); F. left m1 (V32992.23);G. right m1 (V32992.32, reverse); H. right m1 (V32992.41, reverse); I. left m2 (V32992.45);J. right m2 (V32992.55, reverse); K. right m2 (V32992.59, reverse); L. left m3 (V32992.61) Scale bar = 1 mm

Table 5 Measurements of cheek teeth of Litodonomys zayssanensis from Gucheng (mm)

Tooth	Length			Width
Tooth	N	Range	Average	N	Range	Average
M1	5	1.45‒1.50	1.47	6	1.18‒1.29	1.23
M2	5	1.24‒1.40	1.35	6	1.05‒1.31	1.21
M3	4	0.70‒0.95	0.86	4	0.90‒1.05	0.96
m1	13	1.40‒1.65	1.50	16	0.90‒1.10	1.00
m2	11	1.25‒1.45	1.37	12	1.10‒1.22	1.14
m3	9	0.85‒1.00	0.93	9	0.82‒1.00	0.91

Fig. 10 Molars of Heterosminthus intermedius from Gucheng in occlusal views A. left M1 (IVPP V32994.3); B. right M1 (V32994.9, reverse); C. left M2 (V32994.13);D. right M2 (V32994.14, reverse); E. right m1 (V32994.21, reverse); F. right m1 (V32994. 23, reverse);G. left m2 (V32994.24); H. right m2 (V32994.31, reverse); I. left m3 (V32994.38);J. right m3 (V32994.39, reverse). Scale bar = 1 mm

Table 6 Measurements of cheek teeth of Heterosminthus intermedius from Gucheng (mm)

Tooth	Length			Width			Width/Length
Tooth	N	Range	Average	N	Range	Average	N	Range	Average
M1	12	1.15‒1.60	1.39	11	0.80‒1.25	1.10	11	0.70‒0.86	0.79
M2	5	1.25‒1.40	1.31	5	0.91‒1.31	1.01	5	0.73‒0.81	0.77
m1	3	1.20‒1.51	1.40	5	0.90‒1.06	0.98	3	0.61‒0.71	0.67
m2	11	1.25‒1.48	1.34	11	0.85‒1.05	0.98	11	0.65‒0.80	0.73
m3	2	1.00	1.00	2	0.75‒0.80	0.78	2	0.75‒0.80	0.78

Fig. 11 Molars of Protalactaga grabaui (A‒F) and P. major (G‒L) from Gucheng in occlusal views A. right M1 (IVPP V32995.1, reverse); B. right M2 (V32995.2, reverse);C. left M3 (V32995.3); D. left m1 (V32995.4); E. left m2 (V32995.6); F. left m3 (V32995.8);G. left M1 (V32996.1); H. right M1 (V32996.3, reverse); I. right M1 (V32996.4, reverse);J. right M2 (V32996.5, reverse); K. right M2 (V32996.6, reverse); L. right m1 (V32996.7, reverse) Scale bar = 1 mm

Fig. 12 Molars of Sayimys sp. (A, B) and Ayakozomys mandaltensis (C) from Gucheng in occlusal views A. damaged left m1/2 (IVPP V32997.1); B. damaged left m1/2 (V32997.2); C. left m2 (V33001) Scale bar = 1 mm

Fig. 13 Molars of Democricetodon sp. (A‒F) and Gobicricetodon flynni (G) from Gucheng in occlusal views A. left M1 (IVPP V32998.2); B. left M1 (V32998.1); C. left M2 (V32998.3); D. left M3 (V32998.5);E. left m3 (V32998.6); F. right m3 (V32998.7, reverse); G. left M1 (V33000) Scale bar = 1 mm

Fig. 14 Molars of Megacricetodon sinensis from Gucheng in occlusal views A. left M1 (IVPP V32999.1); B. right M2 (V32999.3, reverse); C. right M2 (V32999.4, reverse);D. left m1 (V32999.5); E. right m1 (V32999.6, reverse); F. right m2 (V32999.7, reverse); G. left m3 (V32999.10) Scale bar = 1 mm

Fig. 15 Chronological range of micromammals of the Gucheng Fauna and the suggested age of the fauna (indicated as blue shade)

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