Vertebrata Palasiatica ›› 2023, Vol. 61 ›› Issue (2): 90-107.DOI: 10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.230217
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Received:
2023-01-04
Online:
2023-04-20
Published:
2023-04-18
通讯作者:
wangmin@ivpp.ac.cn基金资助:
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WANG Min. A new specimen of Parabohaiornis martini (Avialae: Enantiornithes) sheds light on early avian skull evolution. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 2023, 61(2): 90-107.
王敏. 2023, 61(2): 90-107, 马氏副渤海鸟(鸟翼类:反鸟类)新标本对鸟类头骨早期演化的意义. 古脊椎动物学报.
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Fig. 1 Photograph of the new referred specimen of Parabohaiornis martini, IVPP V28398 Abbreviations: ald. alular digit; am. alular metacarpal; ca. caudal vertebra; ce. cervical vertebra;co. coracoid; dv. dorsal vertebra; fe. femur; fi. fibula; fu. furcula; hu. humerus; hy. hyoid; il. ilium; is. ischium;ma. major metacarpal; mad. major digit; mi. minor metacarpal; mid. minor digit; pu. pubis;py. pygostyle; p-I to p-IV. pedal digit I to IV; ra. radius; sc. scapula; sk. skull; st. sternum; sy. synsacrum;ti. tibiotarsus; tm. tarsometatarsus; un. ulna; /r(l). right (left) side. Scale bar = 20 mm
Fig. 2 Detailed postcranial features of the referred specimen of Parabohaiornis martini, IVPP V28398 A. pectoral region; B. distal hindlimb Abbreviations: ci. capital incisure; m-I to m-IV. metatarsal I to IV; other abbreviations seen in Fig. 1 Anatomical features used to diagnose this specimen as Parabohaiornis martini are numbered: 1. omal ends of the scapula expanded; 2. acromion process of the scapula extending proximally in parallel to the shaft lateral view; 3. pygostyle without an abrupt distal constriction;4. pedal digit II much robust than other pedal digits. Scale bars = 20 mm
Specimen (length) | V18691 | V18690 | V28398 |
---|---|---|---|
Skull | 42.5 | 44.1 | |
Coracoid | 21.9 | 25.6 | 28.3* |
Scapula | 33.3 | 41.2 | |
Humerus | 43.4 | 46.7 | 52.5 |
Ulna | 43.8 | 55.7 | |
Radius | 40.3 | 52.7* | |
Alular metacarpal | 3,9 | 4.2 | |
Alular digit 1 | 8.1 | 9.5 | |
Alular digit 2 | 3.5 | 4.3 | |
Major digit 1 | 10.2 | 10.9 | |
Major digit 2 | 7.4 | 7.8 | |
Major digit 3 | 3.2 | 3.5 | |
Minor digit 1 | 5.5 | 5.8 | |
Pygostyle | 18.0 | 21.8 | 24.1* |
Tibiotarsus | 40.0 | 45.0 | 54.4 |
Metatarsal II | 17.1 | 20.4 | 23.7 |
Metatarsal III | 19.5 | 22.0 | 26.7 |
Metatarsal IV | 18.1 | 20.6 | 24.3 |
Digit I-1 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 6.1 |
Digit I-2 | 6.0 | 6.3* | 6.8 |
Digit II-1 | 4.5 | 5.8 | 6.2 |
Digit II-2 | 6.8 | 7.6 | 8.5 |
Digit III-1 | 6.4 | 7.8 | 7.6 |
Digit III-2 | 5.4 | 6.5 | 8.2 |
Digit IV-1 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.7 |
Digit IV-2 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 3.4 |
Digit IV-3 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.4 |
Digit IV-4 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.3 |
Table 1 Selected measurements of IVPP V28398 in comparison with other Parabohaiornis martini (V18691: holotype; V18690: referred specimen; data from Wang et al., 2014a) (mm)
Specimen (length) | V18691 | V18690 | V28398 |
---|---|---|---|
Skull | 42.5 | 44.1 | |
Coracoid | 21.9 | 25.6 | 28.3* |
Scapula | 33.3 | 41.2 | |
Humerus | 43.4 | 46.7 | 52.5 |
Ulna | 43.8 | 55.7 | |
Radius | 40.3 | 52.7* | |
Alular metacarpal | 3,9 | 4.2 | |
Alular digit 1 | 8.1 | 9.5 | |
Alular digit 2 | 3.5 | 4.3 | |
Major digit 1 | 10.2 | 10.9 | |
Major digit 2 | 7.4 | 7.8 | |
Major digit 3 | 3.2 | 3.5 | |
Minor digit 1 | 5.5 | 5.8 | |
Pygostyle | 18.0 | 21.8 | 24.1* |
Tibiotarsus | 40.0 | 45.0 | 54.4 |
Metatarsal II | 17.1 | 20.4 | 23.7 |
Metatarsal III | 19.5 | 22.0 | 26.7 |
Metatarsal IV | 18.1 | 20.6 | 24.3 |
Digit I-1 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 6.1 |
Digit I-2 | 6.0 | 6.3* | 6.8 |
Digit II-1 | 4.5 | 5.8 | 6.2 |
Digit II-2 | 6.8 | 7.6 | 8.5 |
Digit III-1 | 6.4 | 7.8 | 7.6 |
Digit III-2 | 5.4 | 6.5 | 8.2 |
Digit IV-1 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.7 |
Digit IV-2 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 3.4 |
Digit IV-3 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.4 |
Digit IV-4 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.3 |
Fig. 3 Photograph (A) and line drawing (B) of the cranial anatomy of the referred specimen of Parabohaiornis martini, IVPP V28398 Abbreviations: bp. basipterygoid process; bt. basal tubera; de. dentary; dpm. dorsal process of maxilla; fpp. frontal process of premaxilla; fr. frontal; hy. hyoid; jpm. jugal process of maxilla; ju. jugal; lc. lacrimal; mx. maxilla; na. nasal; oc. occipital condyle; pm. premaxilla; pr. parietal; qd. quadratojugal; qu. quadrate; sa. surangular-articular; sc. scleral ossicle; sp. splenial; /r(l). right (left) side. Scale bar = 10 mm
Fig. 4 Cranial anatomy of the referred specimen of Parabohaiornis martini, IVPP V28398 CT scanning of the skull in right lateral (A) and left lateral (B) views The orange arrowheads denote the four premaxillary teeth on the left side; the red arrowhead indicates the fused proximal ends of the frontal processes of premaxilla that are separated distally (blue arrowhead) Abbreviations: ag. angular; po. postorbital; sq. squamosal; other abbreviations seen in Fig. 3 Scale bars = 10 mm
Fig. 5 Anatomy of selected cranial bones of Parabohaiornis martini, IVPP V28398 Digital reconstruction of the right nasal in lateral (A) and medial (B) views, right lacrimal in lateral (C) and medial (D) views, overlapping right jugal and quadratojugal in lateral view (E), right jugal in lateral view (F), right quadratojugal in medial view and mirrored (G), and left postorbital in lateral view (H) The orange arrowhead in A denotes the foramen in the nasal, and the green arrowhead in C indicates the concave dorsal margin of the lacrimal Abbreviations: cpl. caudal process of lacrimal; cpq. caudal process of quadratojugal; fpp. frontal process of postorbital; ju. jugal; jpp. jugal process of postorbital; jpq. jugal process of quadratojugal; mpj. maxillary process of jugal; mpn. maxillary process of nasal; pmn. premaxillary process of nasal; ppj. postorbital process of jugal; rpl. rostral process of lacrimal; spp. squamosal process of postorbital; spq. squamosal process of quadratojugal; vpl. ventral process of lacrimal; /r(l). right (left) side. Scale bars = 2 mm
Fig. 6 Anatomy of temporal bones of Parabohaiornis martini, IVPP V28398 Digital reconstruction of the articulated left squamosal and quadrate (A), left squamosal in lateral (B), dorsal (C), ventral (D), medial (E) views, and left quadrate in rostrolateral (F), caudomedial (G), dorsal (H) views Abbreviations: mdq. mandible process of quadrate; obq. orbital process of quadrate; otq. otic process of quadrate; pas. paraoccipital process of squamosal; pps. postorbital process of squamosal; prs. parietal process of squamosal; qcs. quadrate cotyla of squamosal; qps. quadratojugal process of squamosal; qu. quadrate; sq. squamosal. Scale bars = 2 mm
Fig. 7 Anatomy of selected elements of lower jaw and cranial base of Parabohaiornis martini, IVPP V28398 Digital reconstruction of the left surangular-articular in medial (A) and lateral (B) views,basioccipital-basisphenoid-parasphenoid in lateral (C) and ventral (D) views Abbreviations: bap. basipterygoid process; bat. basal tubera; bpr. basipterygoid recess; bsr. basisphenoid recess; fo. lateral fossa of surangular; mep. medial process of mandible; occ. occipital condyle;par. parasphenoid rostrum; qcm. quadrate cotyle of mandible; sre. subsellar recess. Scale bars = 5 mm
Fig. 8 Anatomy of cranial cervical vertebrae of Parabohaiornis martini, IVPP V28398 CT image of the cranialmost six cervicals in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views, respectively. Digital reconstruction of the third cervical in dorsal (C), ventral (D), cranial (E) and caudal (F) views; the sixth cervical in dorsal (G) and ventral (H) views. The orange arrowheads in B and D denote the unfused cervical ribs and centra, and the purple arrowheads in B and H denote the fusion between the cervical ribs and centra Abbreviations: at. atlas; ax. axis; caf. cranial articular facet of centrum; cer. cervical rib; cvf. caudal articular facet of centrum; nus. neural spine; poz. postzygapophysis; prz. prezygapophysis; vep. ventral process;III-VI. third to sixth cervicals. Scale bars = 5 mm (A-D, G, H); scale bars = 2 mm (E, F)
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